Organs of meaning: The 'natural' human body in literature and science of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Heinrich von Kleist, E. T. A. Hoffmann, William Blake)

My dissertation juxtaposes scientific texts with the work of Heinrich von Kleist, William Blake, and E. T. A. Hoffmann to investigate the eighteenth-century obsession with the human body, particularly its reproductive and regenerative functions, as the focal point of an emergent modern concern with the relationship of the subject to freedom, nature and mechanization.; My first chapter examines naturalist and medical works on obstetrics and regeneration together with Blake's formulation of a non-transcendent creation myth. Blake manipulates the language and imagery of (re)generation to reveal the complicity of naturalists, painters and poets in a reification of nature which ricochets back onto humanity. Blake hoped his art would serve as a catalyst for the replacement of the infinite splitting process of “natural,” sexual reproduction with an integrative regeneration in which humanity would recognize and embrace its contiguity with interactive surroundings.; My second chapter reexamines Kleist's famous dialogue “On the Marionette Theater” as a subversion not only of classical aesthetics and romantic notions of immanence, but also of late eighteenth-century medical and military attitudes towards amputation and prostheses. At stake in this endeavor is both a risk to real bodies, and an equally paralyzing destabilization of the entire system of signification. Kleist's dialogue offers no middle ground between an ideological usurpation of the body and a catastrophic dissociation of meaning from any material foundation.; My third chapter explores the relation between Hoffmann's work and that of such naturalists such as Lazzaro Spallanzani, whom Hoffmann reincarnates as a character. The broached boundary between life and artifact in Hoffmann's work calls into question the origin of (re)production within the text and outside it, paradoxically both fragmenting and fusing art, artifice, artist, offspring and procreator. Hoffmann's texts interrogate the body's instrumentality, and engage the notion that organs are themselves the unconscious sovereigns of which the subject is merely an instrument.; By exploring the historical moment in which our conception of nature coalesces, my work not only provides insight into the expectations and fears which continue to surround predictive medical technologies, but also illuminates alternative visions of nature and our place in it.