| Three studies of precipitable water using the Global Positioning System are presented. The first study finds that precipitable water in Hawai'i is best described by a lognormal distribution. The long-term average value of precipitable water declines exponentially with height, but the dispersion of precipitable water declines more linearly. The change in skewness of the distributions is also linear, although in this case it increases with elevation. The second and third studies use GPS meteorology to investigate a climatological and a meteorological event respectively. First, the effect of the 1997–1998 El Niño on precipitable water in the western tropical Pacific is studied and found to be consistent with a model relating the formation of an anomalous high-pressure ridge to the El Niño episode. Finally, the details of the precipitable water field for the Ka'ū Storm, November 2000 are examined. The results highlight the role of topography in controlling the location of convection. The observed correlation between the precipitable water and rainfall is used to generate estimates of rainfall based on GPS data. Comparing the GPS precipitable water estimates with those from a weather model indicates that the underestimates of rainfall produced by the weather model are probably due to correlated underestimates of precipitable water. |
