| Anthropologists and paleontologists have long focused on the structure and function of the skeleton to interpret evolutionary and developmental adaptations related to locomotion and manipulative behaviors. Evidence suggests limb joint morphology is adapted to joint function, although the precise determinants of joint form are incompletely understood. Hamrick (1999) and Frost (1999a) have proposed a chondral modeling mechanism responsive to stresses in articular cartilage that adapts articular surface shape to prevailing load magnitudes and orientations. This research evaluates the chondral modeling theory through a novel computational approach combining finite element analysis and numerical optimization. A growth model is created of the knee joint to simulate joint conformation regulated by hydrostatic stress in articular cartilage. The results of this research support the chondral modeling theory. Mechanically regulated joint surface growth is characterized by the maintained joint congruence, a more uniform distribution of articular cartilage stresses, enlarged articular contact, and a relative decrease in articular surface size. The results show joint form is indicative of behavior and can be used to interpret locomotor and manipulative adaptations. |
