| A key step in the cellular entry process of nonenveloped viruses (NEVs) involves the disruption or remodeling of the limiting cell membrane, allowing the virus to gain access to the cellular replication machinery. In general, membrane breach is achieved via the highly regulated spatiotemporal exposure of a virally encoded membrane lytic factor, resulting in the transfer of the viral genome or nucleocapsid into the cytosol. The identification of the adenovirus (AdV) protein that mediates endosome penetration during infection has remained elusive, though in vitro experiments support of role for the internal capsid protein VI. To acquire more direct evidence that protein VI ruptures endosomal membranes during cell entry, I engineered random mutations in a critical N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix of VI in an attempt to generate AdV mutants that lack efficient membrane penetration and infection. This approach revealed several point mutations that altered VI functionality during cell entry. A single mutation, L40Q, significantly reduced infectivity and selectively impaired endosome penetration. Biophysical data showed that the lack of efficient endosomalysis is associated with reduced insertion of the VI-L40Q protein into membranes. Furthermore, a distinct cysteine mutant within the amphipathic alpha-helix (G48C) displays altered capsid stability that impacts protein VI release, membrane disruption and virus infectivity. This is due in part to aberrant disulfide-bonding of protein VI molecules within the AdV particle. These studies indicate that protein VI is the critical AdV membrane lytic factor during cellular entry, reveal the biochemical basis for its membrane interactions, and provide insight into the structural organization of protein VI in the virus particle. |
