Induction of DNA damage by topical application of spermicides and microbicides: Consequences to viral pathogenesis

mong women's sexual health threats are disproportionate susceptibility to sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the possible lubrication of cervical barriers such as male condoms with nonoxynol-9 (N-9), which may enhance human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. Strategies for prevention of STD are insufficient to combat HIV-1 and other STD infections. Existing intervention strategies have deficiencies. Condoms/abstinence does not guarantee protection. GardasilRTM, Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine does not cover all strains. STD has a higher societal cost. In the United States, STD treatment including HPV is over...