| To begin with, this study presents a quantitative comparison of particulate matter (PM) emissions indices obtained from California Air Resources Board (ARB) Method 5 (Method 5) and International Organization of Standards Method 8178 (ISO 8178). It was found that PM emission indices obtained from Method 5 were 2--3 times higher than those obtained from ISO 8178. Further, for many port-related diesel sources, the most updated emissions factors dated from the 1970s---until now. For example, non-regulated emissions for in-use switching locomotives show that carbonyl, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and n-alkane emission factors reduce sharply with increasing engine load, while Naphthalene dominates the PAH emission factor (>98%). Overall emissions are heavily weighed by Idle notch. Additionally, on-road yard-tractor PM and NOx emissions were significantly lower than their off-road counterparts when tested on the same off-road cycle; this finding was used to devise a related California state regulation. Results also showed that use of emulsified fuel instead of CARE ultra-low sulfur diesel and use of advanced technology engines could provide significant emissions benefits. Also, a system for emissions sampling from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) was developed and used; it showed that using a stainless-steel transfer line could underreport PM emissions by up to 67% for high sulfur fuel exhaust. PM emissions measured without such a transfer line indicated that Heavy Fuel Oil (1IFO) based PM emissions were up to five times greater than Marine Distillate Oil (MDO) based PM emissions, leading to framing of California state legislation requiring OGV auxiliary engines to use MDO fuel within a 24 mile nautical boundary of the state of California. x emissions from MDO fuel were found to be ∼17% less than that of 11F0 fuel. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system reduced NOx emissions by 91% and 83% for UFO and MDO fuel respectively. Further, it was shown that the use of biodiesel fuels offered approximately 47% Carbon Monoxide (CO) and 39% PM emissions benefits. Finally, results are presented for evaluation of emissions benefits by use of control technology on an "in-use" passenger ferry. |
