Land Use Change And Rural Development And Transformation In Eastern Inner Mongolia Area

Land is the material basis and space carrier for human survival and social-economic development.The limitation and scarcity of land resources objectively requires people to choose reasonable land use methods in order to achieve multiple goals such as economic efficiency,social equity,and sustainable development.Therefore,land use change is a mirror reflecting human development.Rural development has obvious characteristics of stages and territorial differentiation,and is driven and influenced by changing regional land use pattern and structure,institution and policy,including land institution,land management,land use planning,and the policies of " agriculture,countryside and farmers".Hence,land use change and rural development and transformation interact with and influence on each other.It is of great significance to understand the changing regularity of man-land relationship in rural areas,to propose regulation approaches,and to achieve rural revitalization strategies by exploring the interaction results and mechanism between land use change and rural development and transformation in specific area and period.Eastern Inner Mongolia area is a concept derived from the Northeast China and a part of it.The focus of its studies in human geography scope is mainly on the regional economic cooperation and integration between it and the three provinces of Northeast China,and its role in revitalization of the Northeast China.There is less attention on the land use change,especially rural development and transformation of eastern Inner Mongolia.In fact,from the perspective of rural development and rural revitalization,eastern Inner Mongolia area should be paid special attention in rural geography research,since it belongs to the frontier area inhabited by ethnic minority,where has a concentrated zone of poverty and a complex physical geographic structure.To this end,this thesis studies the land use change and rural development and transformation in 39 banners(counties/districts)located in eastern Inner Mongolia area based on land use data and socio-economic statistics,and then proposes a model of coupling coordination between land use and rural development in different regions.In the end the strategies and suggestions are put forward.This thesis is divided into three parts:The first part: the topic and theory,consisting of the first and the second chapter.This part expounds the research background,the issues to be discussed,the research methods and the research framework of this article;and sorts out the related concepts,theoretical foundations and research progress.The second part: the empirical research,consisting of the third,fourth,fifth and sixth chapter.Among them,the third chapter summarizes the physical geography and socio-economic profile of eastern Inner Mongolia area,and divides it into sub-regions;Based on the theory of Production-Living-Ecological Space and the regional characteristics,the fourth chapter merges the land use types in eastern Inner Mongolia area,then analyzes the evolution process and pattern of land use quantity and form.The typical correlation analysis method is used to discuss the driving mechanism of land use changes in the study area;The fifth chapter uses a comprehensive rural development index system to evaluate the rural development in eastern Inner Mongolia area systematically,then analyzes the changes in rural development,transformation characteristics,and spatial pattern evolution,and discusses the natural and social factors affecting rural development and transformation;The sixth chapter firstly uses correlation analysis method to analyze the relationship between rural development and transformation and land use change in the study area,and then uses the coupling coordination model to analyze the coupling coordination relationship between the comprehensive rural development index and the degree of land use change,and to propose relevant countermeasures.The third part: the conclusion and discussion,summarizes the main research conclusions and analyzes the possible innovation points,limitations and research prospects.Research findings:(1)Judging from the quantitative changes of various land use types,the land use change in eastern Inner Mongolia area in the past 25 years is mainly featured by a decrease in grassland,while the increases in cultivated land,forest land,water area,urban land,rural residential land and unused land.(2)There are obvious regional differences of land use conversion in eastern Inner Mongolia,and block concentration and point dispersion coexist.(1)The conversion of land use in farming-pastoral areas is mainly represented by grassland transfer out and farmland,forest land and unused land transfer in.(2)The conversion of land use in pastoral areas is mainly manifested by rural residential land and unused land transfer in.(3)The conversion of land use in agricultural areas is mainly manifested in the rural residential land transfer in and the transfer out of unused land.(4)The conversion of waters,urban land,industrial and mining land,etc.presents spatial characteristics of scattered points.(3)The driving forces of different land types in eastern Inner Mongolia not only show “coherence” but also “difference”.The socio-economic factors of land use change in eastern Inner Mongolia are very complex.Driving factors have different degrees of influence at different times to different land types.Economic density,population urbanization rate,and per capita food production have an impact on various land types in different periods.(1)The main driving factors of production land(arable land,grassland and industrial and mining land)include per capita food production,population urbanization rate,total agricultural output value and local fiscal revenue.(2)The main driving factors of living land(urban land and rural residential land)include economic density,population urbanization rate,and rural population density.(3)Forest land as ecological land,its driving factors include economic density,per capita food production,population urbanization rate,and total population at the end of the year.(4)The rural areas in eastern Inner Mongolia have developed steadily,the spatial agglomeration characteristics have gradually weakened and regional differences have gradually narrowed.From 1990 to 2015,the comprehensive development index of rural areas in eastern Inner Mongolia area shows a steady increasing trend.A slowly increase is taken place during 1990 to 2000 and a rapid increase occurs from 2000 to 2015.In terms of the spatial pattern,during 1990 to 2015,the rural development and transformation in eastern Inner Mongolia area shows a significant concentrated distribution characteristic of high-value or low-value areas.Among them,hot spots and sub-hot spots are mainly concentrated in pastoral and agricultural areas,and sub-hot spots are distributed around the hot spots;Cold spots and sub-cold spots are mainly distributed in farming-pastoral areas,similarly,sub-cold spots are also distributed around the cold spots.Simultaneously,along with the time,there is a tendency that the hot spot area turns to the sub-hot spot area,the sub-hot spot area and the sub-cold spot area turn to the mild area,and the cold spot area turns to the sub-cold spot area.The concentrated distribution characteristic of "cold-hot spots" is gradually weakening,which means that the disparity of comprehensive rural development of counties has been shrinking over time.(5)From 1990 to 2015,there is a significant difference in the correlation between land use change and rural development in eastern Inner Mongolia.(1)The three types of land use,such as cultivated land,urban land,and unused land,have significant correlations with rural development in the whole periods.Among them,the cultivated land shows a negative correlation,and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient generally shows a downward trend;the urban land shows a positive correlation,and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient generally shows an upward trend,indicating that urbanization is promoting the development of rural areas;The unused land shows a negative correlation,and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient generally shows a downward trend.(2)Forest land,rural residential land,and industrial and mining land indicate significant correlations with rural development in certain periods;Forest land indicates a positive correlation in 1990 and 1995 respectively;Rural residential land indicates a negative correlation in 1990,1995,and 2000 respectively;Industrial and mining land indicates a positive correlation in 2005,2010,and 2015 respectively,and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient shows an overall upward trend,indicating that rapid industrialization development has driven rural development and transformation,and its driving force is gradually increasing.(3)The grassland and water area show unrelated relationships with rural development and transformation in all periods.(6)From 1990 to 2015,the coupling degree and coupling-coordination degree of land use change and rural development transformation in eastern Inner Mongolia area appear a relatively obvious spatial gradient distribution.The main results are as followed:(1)Spatially,the spatial distribution of coupling degree and coupling-coordination degree are basically the same.the pastoral and agricultural areas hold a greater proportion of high-value coupling degree and coupling-coordination degree,and the farming-pastoral areas hold a greater proportion of low-value coupling degree and coupling-coordination degree in contrast.(2)From the temporal dimension,the level of coupling degree has been gradually evolved from a low level coupling to a high level coupling,and the level of coupling-coordination degree has been continuously improved from moderate incoordination to a low-level coordination.(3)Regarding the change of the average coupling degree,eastern Inner Mongolia area shows a upward trend.Among them,it was basically in a low-level coupling in 1990,the speed of rural development and transformation is faster than the land use change.From 1995 to 2005,it was basically in a antagonism and disordered state,and rural development and transformation and land use change were competing against each other.From 2010 to 2015,it was basically in the grinding-in period,rural development and transformation and land use change tend to an orderly relationship.(4)Concerning the change of the average coordination degree,eastern Inner Mongolia area shows an upward trend.Among them,it was basically in a moderate incoordination state in 1990.From 1995 to 2000,it was basically in a low-level incoordination period.From 2005 to 2015,it was basically in a low-level coordination condition.It can be seen that the coupling coordination degree between rural development and transformation and land use change in eastern Inner Mongolia area has gradually developed to an orderly and coordinated direction.Finally,the thesis proposes development modes tailored to local conditions based on the coupling and coordination between land use change and rural development and transformation in pastoral,agricultural,and farming-pastoral areas.(1)In pastoral areas,the coupling degrees and coordination degrees between land use change and rural development and transformation are higher and show steady growth.Therefore,the rural development of various counties in pastoral areas should strengthen the ecological environment protection while paying attention to rural socio-economic development,and use the resource advantages in pastoral areas to develop the ecological economy.(2)In agricultural areas,the coupling degrees and coordination degrees between land use change and rural development and transformation have changed increased significantly,especially after the implementation of the new rural construction policy.Therefore,the rural development of various counties in agricultural areas should encourage rural households engage non-agricultural jobs,reduce environmental pressure,and develop efficient modern agriculture.(3)In farming-pastoral areas,the coupling degrees and coordination degrees between land use change and rural development are low and increase slowly.The farming-pastoral areas are located in the interlaced area of agriculture and pasture,with low quality of arable land,less pasture resources,and prominent ecological and environmental problems.Therefore,the rural development of various counties in farming-pastoral areas should focus on ecological construction,restore seriously degraded arable land and grasslands,improve ecological compensation mechanisms,increase subsidies and provide direct economic subsidies to farmers.At the same time,develop a family economy that is suitable for local conditions,assisting animal husbandry by planting industry,stabilizing agricultural production,increasing farmers' income,and improving farmers' livelihoods through livestock improvement and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure.