Movement And Formation Mechanism Of World Science Center

According to the “Yuasa phenomenon”,the world is in the critical period of science center movement,which accurately needs more evidences to verify and explain.Grasping the transfer process and formation mechanism of the science center is vital for the strategic construction goals of the China World Science Center.As an internationally important scientific achievement,the scientific elite represented by Nobel Laureates has become the most intuitive indicator of international scientific research valuation.Therefore,this paper attempt to reveal the dynamic evolution and formation mechanism of the world science center,based on the analysis of the spatialtemporal characteristics of Nobel Laureates since the 20 th century.First of all,from a static perspective,the distribution of Nobel Laureates is revealed on the basis of the nationality information,institutional information and growth space information from 1901 to 2017.(1)The nationality distribution of Nobel Laureates showed a remarkable leading role with the largest number of Nobel Laureates in USA.No matter the overall or sub-discipline statistics show that,the Nobel Laureates distributions obay a remarkably “long tail” rank-size rule,that is,a few countries are located in high-value areas,and the award-winning scale of most countries is medium and low,which indicats a great gap in science between countries.(2)The distribution of education and work organization of Nobel Laureates varies.Overwhelming majority of them obtained Final Academic Degree and worked in university,especially in few world-class universities.(3)Through collecting the spatial information of four stages of the Nobel Laureates,we found that the growth of Nobel Laureates From birth to work in space showed an evolution process from decentraliazed to centraliazed,which named conical-tpye spatial distribution trajectory.In the four stages,the Nobel Laureates distribution are highly concentrated in North America and developed countries in Europe,especially the United States,the United Kingdom and Germany.Secondly,based on the information of achievement country when them finished the award-winning achievements,working country when them winned the Nobel Laureates and the nationality information,we attempt to reveal the shifting process of world science center and the following briefs are obtained.(1)Since the 20 th century,the World Science Center has transferred from Germany to the United States,verifying the existence of the “Yuasa phenomenon”.But the transition time node differ on the basis of different growth stages.The transfer process of the scientific center marked by working country and nationality is synchronic,indicating that the United States turned into world science center in 1940 s,which indirectly showed that World War II was an important event reformed the world's science development pattern.The transfer time of the World Science Center was about 10 years ahead of schedule marked by achievement country.(2)Since the United States replaced Germany in the last century and became the world science center,it has long been leading the other countries with absolute superiority,and there is no sign of decline.In the future,the “one superpower and multiple big-power” characterization will remain for a long time.(3)There is a certain field biases between the world major science center countries with different dominant disciplines.In the process of shifting of World Science Center,the transition time of dominant disciplines is earlier,and the decline time is relatively lagging.Thirdly,applying the social network model,this paper analyzed the spatial path of cross-border migration in the growth of Nobel Laureates,and discusses the impact of Nobel Laureates migration on the World Science Center development.The results showed that:(1)From the perspective of transnational migration of Nobel Laureates,immigrant polarization and emigrant equipollence are the prominent characteristics.Few advanced countries with developed conomics,education and science become main destination of transnational migration.The hierarchical structure of transnational migration networks was obvious.Only a few countries play an important role in the growth of Nobel Laureates.Among them,the United States has become the core of the network with absolute advantage.(2)The characteristics of the international migration of Nobel Laureates have changed in stages.With the science center transfered from Germany to the United States,the core position of the Nobel Laureates migration network has also been replaced between the two countries.It can be seen that the transnational migration of scientists has determined the shifting direction of world science center.Most migration of Nobel laureates occurred after the 1940 s,and the proportion of transnational migrants exceeded 1/3 of the total.Many of them migrated from other countries to the United States,which has become an important factor for the United States to remain as world science center for a long time.In recent years,the trend of Nobel laureates' outflows from American was unconspicuous.Finally,flowing the “theoretical assumption-empirical study-modeling summary” logical schema,the study attempted to reval the inpacts of international migration of Nobel Laureates and mechanism of the world science center.Some conclusions displayed as follows:(1)The spatial network pattern of transnational migration in Nobel Laureates' growth was influenced by the three-dimensional driving forces,including economic gradient force,scientific gradient force and educational gradient force.As a result the talents always migrated from peripheral countries to core countries.At the same time,the characteristics of transnational migration network are affected by national barriers such as language culture proximity and institutions,and geographical distance does not seem to have a decisive influence on the transnational migration of talents.(2)The formation of scientific centers was affected by national economic development,scientific research investment,higher education blossom,political stability and policy support.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the formation mechanism of science center from the perspective of lag or accumulation dialectically.(3)The relationship between scientific progress and economic development in the world science center,was actually a complicated two-way interactive relationship.From the perspective of temporal sequence,the driving factors performed at different period.Economic development was the forerunner of scientific centers.The promotion of national scientific research investment and higher education were the result of economic development.On the contrary,the transformation from scientific achievement to Industrial Technology,contribute to the national economic growth.That is “ economic taking-off ? scientific research investment and higher education development following-up ? formation of science center ? scientific development” cyclical process.As a catch-up-prone country,the United States and Japan have basically followed this growth path model.