Research On The Labor Market Effect Of Over-education In China

In recent years,"knowledge devaluation","educational depreciation","graduation is unemployment",and "knowledge unemployment","diploma expansion","learning not to use","high knowledge is low","overqualified",and "high talent consumption","research fever" and other popular vocabulary are in the press,"the most difficult employment season seems to be happening every year," the new reading useless theory " is rampant.Does this mean that there is too much education in our country? On the one hand,China's higher education scale has expanded rapidly since 1999,and China's higher education has made great progress.However,along with the expansion of higher education,more and more education labor force are flooding into the labor market,who are engaged in work that does not match with their educational background,whose education skills are not fully utilized,the economic status of the educated is declining relative to the past.Education's economic value is increasingly challenged.On the other hand,over-education will bring a series of negative effects on China's economic development.The most immediate effect is to distort the allocation of resources,such as over-education causes the employment situation to deteriorate and unemployment increased.Education investment is inefficient,education resource waste and low productivity;It is even getting the country into a vicious cycle of excessive education.In view of the phenomenon of "knowledge unemployment","overqualified" and "high talent consumption" in China,the academic circle has gradually paid attention to the problem of education matching of labor supply and demand.On the basis of combing domestic and foreign related research,this study used the Chinese comprehensive social survey(CGSS)data to study the four problems of over-education.First,is there an over-education problem in China's labor market? If so,what are the characteristics of the incidence and trend of over-education in China? Second,break through the interpretation of over-education focusing on the cause of the causes,while ignoring the reality of the analysis of the consequences of over-education.From a new Angle of view,too much of a good thing effect based on microeconomics "rational economic man" hypothesis,the theory of human capital theory,career development theory,technical change,labor market segmentation theory,signal theory,competition theory,from the three aspects of individual,organization and society,we deeply discuss the negative impact of education on "past" and "past",and finally form the over-education causal model.Third,based on China's general social survey projects 2015 years of data,using the ORU equation proposed by Duncan and Hoffman(1981),the v-v model created by Verdugo and Verdugo(1989),we make an empirical study on the impact of excessive education on workers' income.Fourth,the employment effect of education is discussed from the perspective of job satisfaction,on the basis of the possible three relationships between education and job satisfaction,through expectation mechanism,relative deprivation theory and work demand-control model,theoretical explanation of the relationship between excessive education and job satisfaction is theoretically explained.An empirical analysis of the impact of excessive education on job satisfaction based on China comprehensive social survey(2008).On this basis,the relationship between excessive education and labor productivity is analyzed.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:1.The incidence and trend of excessive education in China:(1)The incidence of excessive education in 2010,2013 and 2015 was 28.28%,27.29% and 23.91% respectively which showed the downward trend;the incidence of education was 25.87%,26.18% and 26.63% respectively showing a slow growth trend;the incidence of education deficiency was 45.85%,46.53% and 49.46% respectively which showed the growth trend.The results of this study are similar to those obtained in foreign countries,and the severity of education in China is explained from the side.(2)Excessive education was significantly different in gender,age,unit type,enterprise nature,enterprise scale,family economic situation and regional occupation.Specifically,the incidence of excessive education in females was higher than that of males.The incidence of excessive education in young people was higher than that of the elderly.The incidence of excessive education in party and government organs showed an accelerated downward trend,while the incidence rate of excessive education in enterprises showed a downward trend.Compared with other units,Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan enterprises have a higher incidence of education.The incidence of excessive education in 2010 and 2013 in the eastern region was higher than that in the central region and higher than that in the western region.The incidence of excessive education in junior staff,general staff,service staff and stores and supermarkets was significantly higher than in other occupations.(3)Excessive education will affect the factors which can be divided into three categories: individual characteristics(age and gender),work features(unit category,region)and family(father's level of education and family economic conditions).First,the individual characteristics,the effect of gender on excessive education is not statistically significant.The influence of age on excessive education is statistically significant.The younger you are,the more likely you are to overdo education.Second,working characteristics,the incidence of excessive education of public institutions employees is 43.7% of that of party and government employees.The rate of excessive education among social organizations,residence/village committee employees is 19.1% of that of party and government organs.Compared with party and government employees,there is no significant difference in the incidence of excessive education among enterprises and non-unit/self-employed employees.Compared with the eastern region,the probability of excessive education in the central region is 68.6% of that in the eastern region.The probability of excessive education in the western region is 58.8% that in the eastern region.This suggests that economically developed regions are more prone to excessive education.Third,family characteristics,father's level of education on excessive education without significant difference,compared with the family economy is below the average family,excessive education above average probability is 62.9%,and family economic conditions in average below average incidence of family transition education of no significant difference.2.Too much of a good thing effect of excessive education:(1)Education does have a too much of a good thing effect.(2)Causal model: excessive education as a whole,on the one hand,the "rational economic man" hypothesis throughout the analysis process,in the social environment,labor market subject: there are two big labor demand(employer)and the labor supply side(workers),so that the whole analysis process involves three levels,individual level,organization level,social level,on the other hand,from the perspective of a fault effect on excessive education before the cause and result analysis,involving the classical theory including the theory of human capital theory,signal theory,technological change,technological progress towards theory),career development theory,labor market segmentation theory,competition theory.(3)The individual level,as individual rational economic man,in order to improve the income,make up for a lack of other aspects,the future development of the need to work,have more autonomy,rational decision to continue their education investment,formed the excessive education;Its excessive education situation may be superficially excessive but not excessive,or it may be true excessive;Thus,there are a series of negative consequences,including(1)wage penalty,and income loss compared with moderate educators;(2)lower job satisfaction and lower labor productivity;(3)deviant behavior in the workplace(high absenteeism rate,high dimission rate,high absenteeism rate,low work participation);(4)health condition(deterioration of physical and mental health).(4)The organizational level,as employers of rational economic man,in order to adapt to the new technology,future development reserve talents for the enterprise,reduce the production cost excessive education wants to hire employees,the excessive education form the organizational level,to produce a series of negative consequences,including(1)labor productivity decline,affect organizational performance.(2)bias in the workplace affects the overall working atmosphere of the organization.(5)On the social level,education is a quasi-public goods.The government subsidizes education,and individuals only need to consider individual costs when making education investment decisions without considering the real cost.The reality of labor market segmentation;Education produce positive external effect and possible implementation of social mobility through education society formed to encourage individuals to invest education environment,formed a higher incidence of excessive,may be a series of negative influence on society,including(1)influence education development,causes the waste of human capital;(2)affecting employment;(3)it affects social equity and even social stability.3.Excessive education income effect:(1)Based on the analysis of ORU model,it is found that after controlling for factors such as individual characteristics and working characteristics,the return rate of education was 17.3%,and the coefficient of excessive education years was 11.0%,and the coefficient of education deficiency was-13.2%.Relative to the work in the same modest educators,excessive educators can get positive wage premium,beyond the part of the education of return is 11.0%,with inadequate education every year less need to bear 13.2% of the wage loss;However,compared to the same degree of moderate educators,education will bear the corresponding salary punish excessive,not punishment of 6.3% a year,less and less education will get higher wages,more than 4.1% moderate educators.This conclusion consistent with the conclusion from the previous scholars use ORU equation: the beyond part of excessive education can still get positive return,but education work returns significantly lower than the required return on education.(2)Based on the estimated results of V-V model,it is found that when other variables are not controlled,the actual rate of return of education is 13.9%.The coefficient of excessive education is-24.7%,and the coefficient of insufficient life of education is-21.1%.It shows that compared with moderate educators at the same education level,over-educators are subject to a wage penalty of 24.7%.Control of the individual characteristics and job characteristics,the influence of such factors as the individual practical education degree of return is 12.9%,the coefficient of excessive education is-9.1%,and the coefficient of insufficient life of education is-2.0%,and has not been through the significance level test.(3)Different gender,type of ownership,enterprise scale and excessive education yield performance of the region are significantly different.4.Excessive education employment effect:From the perspective of employment quality of job satisfaction of the employment effect of excessive education,multidimensional perspective over the relationship between education and job satisfaction is very complex,the excessive education on job satisfaction(multidimensional job satisfaction)has both positive effect,also have a negative impact,ultimately excessive education comprehensive present what kind of relationship to job satisfaction depends on the size of the positive and negative effects,and positive role and negative effect depends on the individual's subjective feeling.In the case of controlling other variables,excessive education years are significantly positively correlated with job satisfaction.Work experience and formal contracts have a positive influence on job satisfaction.Whether wage is not related to job satisfaction.Wages do not play a moderating role between excessive education and job satisfaction.Formal contracts and work experience act as a buffer between excessive education and job satisfaction.Excessive education are widespread in our country,it may bring a series of negative consequences on the individual level,organization level and social level.Therefore,individuals should evaluate education investment risk and choose carefully.The enterprise should establish scientific personnel mechanism,optimize human resource management mode;the government should improve the labor market and optimize education resource allocation.Forming a "trinity" interactive system to reduce the incidence of excessive education.