Produced Internally And Pushed Externally:The Formation And Evolution Of Public Power Supervision In The Village

This study takes the relationship between state and society as the angle of view,and the basic problem of study is the historical process of the formation and evolution of village public power supervision.It attempts to inspect the formation of village public power in different historical stages by examining the construction of village public power The main form of mechanism,and reveal the basic rules of its change.On the basis of grasping the law of supervision and evolvement of village public power,aiming at the current predicament of village public power supervision in our country at present,this paper constructs different supervision mode of village public power from the past.The contents of village public affairs determine the characteristics of village public power and the characteristics of village public power determine the mode of village public power supervision.In the different historical stages of village development,the internal and external public affairs that the village undertakes can be divided into two types:external affairs(state affairs)and internal affairs(village affairs).In order to ensure the smooth completion of public affairs both inside and outside the village,both inside and outside the village carry out various forms of supervision over the public power of villages in the upper and lower levels.As a result,different stages of the development of the village formed a supervisory model of power led by a specific mechanism,such as the mode of self-supervision in the traditional period and supplemented by the supervision of power in the traditional period;the external exercise supervision in the period of the new regime building and the internal power Supervision supplemented by the model;power tax reform after the balance of power supervision,moral and legal supervision supplemented other models.Therefore,this paper explores the clue of "moral supervision-sports supervision-power supervision-predicament analysis-path prediction",in order to grasp the basic law of the formation and evolution of village public power supervision.This paper argues that since the Song and Ming dynasties,with the development of the nationality of the ancestral temple,ethnic rights have played an important role in maintaining the stability of grass-roots society in China.Through the preaching of Confucian ethics,state power closely integrates ethnic rights and ethics.The main responsibility of the ancestral temple is the public affairs related to the common interests of the clan members.The scope and intensity of the exercise of the public authority in the village are relatively weak.Under the inner moral supervision of the power subject,there is less possibility of transformation.Therefore,the rights of the clan can still maintain the stability of the clan community without a lack of internal and external monitoring mechanisms.In the late Qing Dynasty,in the process of the expansion of state power,state forces attempted to control the grassroots society through the system of ethnicity and the Baojia system.However,limited monitoring capabilities led to the proliferation of "profit-making brokerage firms." After the founding of new China,more resources were provided for assistance in rural areas Urban and industrial development,the formation of a people's commune system.In the co-operative movement,it is necessary to adapt to the rapid growth of communes and the formation of a new "cadre class" through the social division of grassroots units.In order to better implement the state policy and fulfill the tasks assigned to the higher authorities,the public power held by this new class of commune cadres has been dramatically expanded and transformed.Serious deficiencies in the commune's endogenous oversight led to tensions between the cadres and the masses.Public power expanded under the support of external forces,private members of ordinary members shrink,it is difficult to restrict public power through internal social supervision.In the "Great Leap Forward," serious problems such as the national economic recession took place due to policy mistakes and natural disasters.Through the use of external forces such as "rectification and rectification","anti-tri-wind" and "socialist education campaign" in rural areas,the state exercised exercise supervision over grassroot cadres and eventually led to the expansion of class struggle.After the dissolution of the people's commune,the villagers'autonomy filled the power vacuum after the country quitted.The village undertook fewer state affairs while the service-type affairs within the village increased.The village cadres,who are caught in the cracks,are hard targets for accomplishing the tasks of the country and will focus their efforts on national administrative matters such as tax collection and family planning,and seek personal gain from them.After the reform of taxes and fees,the state has changed from rural to rural areas.The collective assets of villages have increased and their resources have increased in value.Some village cadres have become the new "profit-making brokers" by making full use of public power.Under the mode of "township and village government",the transformation of public power in villages and the awareness of peasants in supervision are enhanced.The traditional internal resources in villages are used creatively and promoted by external forces to form a special supervisory body-the board of supervisors.Under continuous influence of external forces,Formed a joint force of internal and external supervision,to some extent to prevent the continued transformation of village public power.However,this model of monitoring power through power has the problems of lack of independence of supervision institutions and lack of stamina of motivation sources.Therefore,it is necessary to establish a "endogenous and exogenous" model of power supervision.The basic path for building an endogenous and endogenous monitoring model includes defining the boundaries of internal and external forces,using the potential oversight resources within the village,nurturing and perfecting existing internal oversight mechanisms,and coordinating internal and external oversight efforts to enhance internal Students supervise the awareness and ability of the main body.The basic conclusion drawn in this paper is that the formation of village power supervision mode in different historical stages is closely related to the characteristics of public power;the evolution of the supervision mode of village public power in China is determined by the mode of action of the internal and external supervision forces;at this stage,the village public power Effective supervision needs a variety of mechanisms to form a concerted effort;"endogenous and exogenous" grass-roots social governance innovation is to crack our country's current grassroots social governance predicament of the alternative path.