| Since the emergence of ancient Greece in the West,philosophy has had the theoretical characteristics of using rationality to the knowledge formed from the “metaphysical being”.It also requires that “metaphysics” be based on the absolute and infinite noumenon.Otherwise,the metaphysical knowledge building will lost its solid foundation.The "ontology" of the ancient Greek super phenomenon is the foundation of philosophy.The medieval God is the foundation of theology.In modern epistemology,the "foundation" has turned from the transcendental ontology to the human beings themselves.Modern empiricism is based on human sensibility and the metaphysics of "external experience" has been established.While on the basis of human reason,the rationalism establishes the metaphysics of "inner experience".At the same time,both of them maintain the isomorphic dimension with the natural science and the mathematics.Hume’s skepticism not only makes the theory of knowledge fall into the crisis of the times,but also makes philosophers’ philosophical ideal of constructing metaphysics in accordance with the scientific model come to naught.Therefore,whether the "metaphysical future" can transcend science or lay the foundation for science has become the core task of German classical philosophy.Since Kant determined to re-establish the "foundation" of the metaphysical of future,he has deduced the logical process of constructing the "foundation" of German classical philosophical metaphysics.The German classical philosophy began with Kant’s transcendental philosophy,improved with Fichte’s wissenschaftslshre and Schelling’s philosophy of identity,and completed with Hegel’s speculative philosophy.Each metaphysical form contains the the intellectual theoretic traits of the "science of science".They all try to guarantee the truth of metaphysical knowledge with the integrity of the system.In order to be completed,the construction of the system must be revolved around a certain "foundation".Kant re-examines the cognitive ability in the subject,and uses the various cognitive forms of "transcendental ego" to govern the empirical material.Thus,the future metaphysics is built on the "transcendental foundation" of human beings.Fichte pushes Kant’s "transcendental ego" onto the "absolute ego",which lets the active setting activity of "absolute ego" become the basis of all knowledge elements,and makes the theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy be unified in the knowledge system based on "absolute ego".As a result,the "foundation" of metaphysics has reached the absolute state in the subject.Schelling goes beyond the subjective ontological positions of Kant and Fichte,trying to unify the objective nature and subjective self-consciousness to the "absolute" of "the same rationality".So a system of transcendental idealism based on "absolute identity" is formed.Hegel opposes Schelling’s subjective and objective "undifferentiated identity",and he makes the discriminating subjectivity and objectivity be unified in the dialectical movement of the absolute spirit.Thus,a transcendental idealist system based on "absolute identity" is formed.Logic,nature and human society have become three organic links in the self-movement development of the "absolute spirit".Viewing the development course of the whole universe from the perspective of the "absolute spirit",any concrete and historical existence is just a link and stage towards the "absolute spirit",which provides us a teleological divine vision.The rational content of absolute spirit replaces the subjective intention of God’s creation,finally completing the philosophical mission of elevating the foundation of metaphysics to be deiform.Analysing the logical process of the development of the "root" of metaphysics in German classical philosophy,we will find its own logic of change,as well as the evolutionary logic of the concept of freedom and history.The concrete manifestations are as follows: First,the "root foundation" itself is continuously evolved from Kant’s transcendental humanity to Hegel’s speculative divinity,presenting a logical transition of humanity’s constant retreat and divinity’s continuous growth.Second,the "root" is accompanied by the human freedom.In the course of the development of the "root" from man to god,the freedom of human nature also evolves from the transcendental form to the absolute spiritual ethical entity freedom.Third,as the "root" migrates,the self-consciousness of the subject constantly achieves the unification of subjective and objective contents in the development of human history,and the historical view also presents the logical construction of rationalism.As we all know,when Hegel’s speculative philosophy completes the western rational metaphysics,it also declares its end.And the various philosophies that reject Hegel’s speculative philosophy also put the criticism to the "root".Schopenhauer replaces Hegel’s rational root with the "will",opening up the modern road of non-rationalism metaphysics;Feuerbach uses "Gattungswesen" to restore Hegel’s rational foundation from God to human beings themselves.He reveals the secret of god’s divinity with the secret of human nature,and finally completes the religious criticism of "God’s humanization".Marx further makes Hegel’s rational foundation return to the practical nature of human beings,thus he establishes the historical materialism which is based on the "practice".Through the study of the deductive logic of the metaphysical foundation of German classical philosophy,not only will we re-examine the philosophical revolution from German classical philosophy to marxist philosophy from the perspective of "root",but also this will help us to rethink the natural relationship between philosophy and science,since the "foundation" of German classical philosophy is just the basis of "how science is practicable". |
