| This research is on bronze articles of Yuhuangmiao Culture.The study investigated various types of bronze articles from Yuhuangmiao Culture by dividing them into weapons,tools,and ornaments.It then conducted typological studies on each kind to identify relative chronology,and predicted temporality of each stage using bronze containers.According to our result,Yuhuangmiao Culture could be classified into 5 stages,and the time with some remained relics that are not included in the culture was set as Stage 6.Based on the formation and decline of the culture,Stage 1 and Stage 5 were classified as the formative period and the decline period,respectively.Considering the numbers of ruins and relics,Stages 2~4 were set as the development period,and the period with a tiny fraction of relics.When other culture was centered on,it was considered post fall period and set as Stage 6.Stage 1 is the mid spring and autumn period,Stage 2 is the early late spring and autumn period,Stage 3 is the mid late spring and autumn period,Stage 4 is the end of late spring and autumn period,Stage 5 is the early Warring States period,and Stage 6 is the mid Warring States period.Chapter 1 describes the history,methods,and purpose of research on Yuhuangmiao Culture,and typologic research on each bronze relic begins in Chapter 2.Chapter 3 to Chapter 5 discusses the first half of the research of bronze articles and starts with the origin and investigates the development process and then the usage and significance.First,bronze daggers are classified into straight blade bronze dagger of Yuhuangmiao system,Huage bronze dagger of Yuhuangmiao system,and Flat Stem bronze dagger of Yuhuangmiao system,and they were influenced by Luotuoliang type straight blade bronze dagger of Luotuoliang system,Huage bronze dagger in between the late Xi Zhou period and the early spring and autumn period,and handle type bronze dagger of Xiajiadianshangceng,respectively.Huage bronze daggers of Yuhuangmiao system were popular in the period forming Yuhuangmiao Culture,but the trend had changed to straight blade bronze dagger of Yuhuangmiao system immediately.Although most bronze daggers were for men only,some women also used bronze daggers in the period when Yuhuangmiao Culture declined.Bronze daggers were used only by men and the notion of women using them had not changed(the form or system had been converted though);however,the owner of the tomb Hulugou YHM51 showed a case destroying the notion.Bronze daggers had various systems,and the possibility for bronze dagger rating was suggested due to the clear rise and fall.The research on tools pointed out the possibility of dividing tools into professionals and daily use.Later,it approached the issue of burying professional tools together.Considering that the person who buries professional tools together keeps a certain amount,except for Stage 3,the number of master artisans can be inferred.Stage 3 and Stage 4 of Yuhuangmiao Culture represent the development period although the most number of tombs or various types of articles were found in the period,the number of professional tools was similar to that of Stage 2.This indicates that the increased number of tombs or articles had nothing to do with the increased number of professional tools,and it is likely that the number of people using professional tools would have been constantly maintained.The research on ornaments focused on the origin,development,and usage.Most garments or articles related to direct adornment of body originated from Dvortsoy type and Zabaikal area or Xiajiadianshangceng and Luotuoliang type,and Dvortsoy type articles flow into Yuhuangmiao Culture along this route.However,plate was partially influenced by the Huage bronze dagger system in between the late Xi Zhou period and the early spring and autumn period,fused with different elements in the period of forming Yuhuangmiao Culture,and this rather created universal articles.On the other hand,among articles related to garments,the belt ornament is obviously converted in the transition period from Stage 3 to Stage 4 and most garment buttons even disappeared,indicating the conversion of the garment system.The last half of this research,from Chapter 6 to Chapter 8,investigated the production system of bronze articles,their cultural attributes,and the flow of Yuhuangmiao Culture.With the production system of bronze articles,Yuhuangmiao Culture had a dualized system where the multi item small volume production system and the mass production of limited items system coexisted;multi item small volume production expressed groups,while mass production of limited items represented individuals or minorities.Multi item small volume products as well as limited item mass products showed conversion before going on to Stage 4,and this revealed cultural fluctuation.The analysis of the cultural attributes based on bronze articles revealed that there are 3 types in Yuhuangmiao Culture: deer type in the early period,horse type in the late period,and Ganzibao type with strong influence of SanJinLiangZhou.As for the cultural attributes,various culture elements coexist or are fused together from Stage 1 to Stage 3,and it can be defined as complex northern culture since the culture itself mostly originated from northern areas.In Stage 4,most northern elements that came from outside disappear,and the culture develops itself or the type that northern elements and tactic elements are combined together becomes the main stream.Based on this,the culture can be determined independently with a strongly tactic,and it can be defined as the unique northern culture of Yuhuangmiao Culture.Lastly,the investigation on the flow of Yuhuangmiao Culture discovered that the cultural fluctuation occurred in the transition period from Stage 3 to Stage 4 and was related to deer type and Kingdom Zhongshan.Article types were found only until Stage 3 in Yuhuangmiao Culture were unearthed in Kingdom Zhongshan,and records of Kingdom Zhongshan revealed that the time when deer type left Yuhuangmiao Culture was mostly matched with the time of Jin’s war.Although it needs to be determined carefully since not all deer type articles have been shown in Kingdom Zhongshan yet,it is clear that deer type that had existed only until Stage 3 in Yuhuangmiao Culture continued to Kingdom Zhongshan.Therefore,it is highly likely that the leading force of deer type or a part of them moved to Kingdom Zhongshan and that they were Shanyu.Yuhuangmiao Culture without deer type is lead by horse type,but it starts declining in Stage 5,and Yuhuangmiao Culture is gradually broken up and scatters in all directions.Although some of them remain in the area of Yuhuangmiao Culture,others move to southeast of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province.In the process,articles of Yuhuangmiao Culture are found in a variety of cultural areas.In the end,Yuhuangmiao Culture falls,and some of the articles are remained in Jibei area in Stage 6,but this eventually disappear.On the other hand,deer type that moved to Kingdom Zhongshan preserved the type of articles of Yuhuangmiao Culture for a sufficient period.In addition,transformed Huage bronze daggers of Yuhuangmiao system are found in the tomb of the king of Zhongshan state(Mancheng Han Tombs)in Western Han Dynasty where the direct relevance is extremely low.Started as northern culture,Yuhuangmiao Culture was various and complex enough to reach Zabaikal areas.Their culture had diversity and fused cultural elements from different origins.Through this,cultures with completely different origins could coexist,which is likely to be a bridge in the society where they are harmoniously integrated one another.Despite being northern culture,it continuously exchanged with SanJinLiangZhou force in Zhongyuan.After deer type left Yuhuangmiao Culture,they built Kingdom Zhongshan;however,Yuhuangmiao Culture was changed to horse type with a strong tactical inclination,and the culture eventually went out of existence. |
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