Textual Research On The Words Used In Ancient Books

In this paper,the controversies on the meaning of the term "Tong"(?)in ancient Chinese textbooks,annotations and dictionaries are discussed.Many scholars believe that"Tong" was wrong,they believe that it also includes a variety of intercharacter relations,such as homologous characters(???),ancient and modern characters(???),and variant characters(???).What type of relationship does "Tong" refer to?How to define its internal relations?These are all questions to be studied in this article.The clear division and scientific definition of the interrelation between the Chinese characters,the ancient and modern characters,not only help readers to read the interpretation of ancient books and annotations and dictionaries,but also help to construct a scientific terminology system of philology and lexicology,which is of great significance to the teaching and research of Chinese language and philology.This article deals with the relationship between the term "Tong" of the ancient book annotation,and focuses on the related terminology of the interword relationship,including the tongjiazi(???),the tongyuanzi(???),the ancient and modern characters.The author first thinks that the word "Tong" in the annotation of ancient books includes two types of words,namely,general holidays and general use.It also summarizes the nine angles of academic analysis of characters' relations:font,character,semantic,word,origin,time,region,direction,quantity.The nine angles are combined with the study history to carry out extensive and deep research on the three aspects of the source,definition and discrimination of gengral purpose,and try to make the three aspects clear.By exploring of the source and the original meaning of the tongjiazi and the tongyongzi(???)in the meaning of philology and combing the definition and discrimination of the academic circles in the more than 100 years after the Qing Dynasty,a new definition and a new identification method of the tongjiazi and the tongyongzi were put forward,and some concepts contained in the tongyongzi were defined,and dozens of common the tongjiazi and the tongyongzi were identified.This article concludes from two parts:First part,find the source,the definition and the identification of three aspects,first,in the "tongjia(??)" to find the source,the word "tongjia" in the meaning of the literal sense is the Southern Song Chao Gong Wu's "County Zhai book(?????)".If it is confined to the search for the source of "interchangeability",it first appeared in the book"Tong Ya(??)" of Fang Yizhi in the Ming Dynasty.In the meaning of philology,the original meaning of "tongjia" is that in writing,the original word can not be written,so it is temporarily used to replace the different word and word meaning.It will not affect the use of the two words in the usual case.The author also believes that the concept of intercourse is a narrow concept.Secondly,in the definition of "tongjiazi",a new definition is put forward from the point of view of the general wrong word,in the specific sentences in the ancient literature,the meaning of a word(including the original meaning,the extended meaning)is not compatible with the meaning of the sentence and the meaning of the sentence.It is in line with the meaning of the text.In most other sentences,the two word is none borrowed.We call it the word "tongjiazi",and the temporary borrowing relationship between the two characters is a common holiday.From the perspective of nine dimensions,a concise definition is put forward for the connotations of Chinese characters:the phenomenon of synchronic borrowing of characters that are different in fonn,irrelevant to meaning,and similar in sound.The essential feature of the tongjiazi is homophone borrowing.Finally,in the identification of tongjiazi,10 new criteria for identifying the general false word are proposed:scope standard,hypothesis standard,phonetic standard,font standard,literal standard,literal standard,grammatical standard,example,dictionary standard,Chinese character standard and demonstration standard.The pronunciation standard of tongjiazi should be compared with that of the Wang Li cognate characters(???)commonly used in academic circles.Wang Li's cognate characters pronunciation standard can not be completely suitable for the phonetic judgement of the tongjiazi.It is also believed that on the basis of Wang Li's standard,we should increase the relationship between the sound and the rhyme,such as the relation of the "lai(?),and "jian(?)",the"zhi(?)" and "ge(?)",and so on.According to the new identification standard,the error of "the word" in the "Ding(?)" in the "Lin Zhi Ding(???)" is identified,and it is confirmed that the meaning of tongJiazi is "Xia Yi".Second part,in the "tongyongzi" part,it is also divided into the search for the source,the definition and the identification of three aspects.First,in the search for the source of"tongyong",the article holds that the source of "tongyong(??)" is Wei Zhao's National Language Note(???)in the Three Kingdoms period and the South Qi book(???)of Xiao Zixian during the Southern Dynasties.On this basis,the philology meaning of"tongyong" is found:a group of characters used interchangeably in a sense.Secondly,in terms of the definition of "tongyongzi",a new definition of general word is proposed:tongyongzi is a set of words that have the same or similar meanings in exchange.This is from the point of meaning.Here,we emphasize that the essential characteristics of general words are synonyms,the same or different pronunciation.From the scope of the tongyongzi,the tongyongzi include the cognate characters,ancient and modern characters,the variant characters(???),the simple characters(???),the synonym characters(???)and homophone characters(???),but it does not include the tongjiazi,the borrowed character(???)and the homophone characters not used.The seven concepts under the tongyongzi are defined in nine angles:mutual use of cognate characters,mutual use of ancient and modern characters,mutual use of variant characters,mutual use of simplified characters,interuse of borrowed characters,interuse of synonym characters,and homophone characters with each other.Finally,in the recognition of "tongyongzi",there are 5 new recognition standards of tongyongzi:literal standard,time standard,word standard,practical example standard,and article meaning standard.According to these new standards,we have identified 11 pairs of tongyongzi including "xin(?)" and "shen(?)".