The Multidimensional Studies Of Russian Spatial Semantic Categories

The concept of space has an important influence on the formation of other concepts of human beings.Many abstract concepts are based on spatial concepts and are constructed through metaphorical methods.Space exists on the premise of the existence of things.There is no space without things.In linguistic study,the study of the characteristics of spatial semantic categories is of great significance to the eligibility of sentences,and it also play a good supporting role in the construction of linguistic theories.Based on the previous researches at domestic and foreign,this paper uses the related theories of semantics and cognitive linguistics to study the category and nature of spatial semantic categories,the parameter categories and parameter values of spatial distances,the relativity and absoluteness of spatial distances,the positioning and positioning targets,and language expressions through qualitative and quantitative analysis.In this paper,we first construct spatial semantic relations to different hierarchical structures according to the formal structure of spatial relations,and then expand the sememe analysis of Russian spatial parameter words.This paper divides the Russian spatial parameter words into parameter categories and parameter values.The parameter categories are “length,width,height and depth”.The parameter value makes the parameter class name absolute,and thus constitutes a language-specific expression in the Russian semantic categories.There is also a category of semantic distances in Russian that express spatial distances and spatial locations.These semantic categories are different from the parameter categories,because their parameter categories and parameter values are fused together and represent a relative,subjective evaluation value.For example,the “far/near” distance and the location “at a distant position,at a closer position” indicates the subjective evaluation significance.Based on the analysis of semantic categories,we use the sememe analysis method to quantitatively analyze the spatial vocabulary of equivalence relations,as “далеко,вдалеке,вдали;близко,поблизости,вблизи”(far/near)and distinguish them into two semantic categories: parameters with semantic mark,like “вдали,вдалеке,вблизи”(at a distant position,at a distant position,at a closer position)and parameters without semantic mark,like “далеко,близко,поблизости”(at a distant position,at a closer position,at a closer position),breaking the traditional classification method according to the “far/near” distance.From the perspective of communicative structure,we conclude that parameters with semantic mark,“вдалеке,вблизи”(at a distant position,at a closer position)etc.,can only occupy the syntactic position on the left side of the sentence,that is,can only act as the main component.While parameters without semantic mark,“далеко,поблизости”(at a distant position,at a closer position),etc.,can only occupy the right syntactic position and serve as a positional component.The determination of the spatial distance,the positioning of the space and reference point are an indispensable element.Under normal circumstances,the speaker is used as a reference point.Therefore,the reference point,the speaker,and the description object constitute a complex semantic syntax relationship.We have proved through a large number of language practices that for spatial categories with semantic mark,speakers cannot serve as describing object roles,and spatial categories without semantic mark do not have such syntactic limitations.Meanwhile,the semantic properties of verbs,filled space and unfilled space,homogenous space and heterogeneous space also have important influence on the eligibility of syntactics.Finally,we applied the method of cognitive metaphor to analyze the transformation of space and time,the cognition of space and social relations,the cognition of spatial parameters and parameter values,and the symmetry and asymmetry recognition of Russian and Chinese space categories.It is concluded that national culture and national cognition have an important influence on the spatial semantic categories,and have an important restrictive effect on the syntactic expression.