Research On Political Critics In Han Dynasty

Political Critics constitute an important content of the political culture in Han dynasty.The thesis will make a specific research in four parts.Firstly,Political Critics are important ways to observe the political culture of Han dynasty.Looking back and reflecting on the previous research,the thesis will come up with a new conception on Political Critics.The primary meaning of Political Critics is not a concept of literary form,particularly not the argumentative form of literature,but including all forms of Political Critics.Therefore,the awareness or mind of political concern is the critics' core.Only because of the awareness or mind,it creates sorts of ways or forms to express itself,which is an expression of political discourse.Literature is a way being used to express political thoughts,and an aspect to make the political culture represented.If abandoning the thinking of literary form or making an open comprehension on "utterance",the territory of Political Critics could be very broad.Merely,different utterances would have differences among their strategies?mechanism and effectiveness.Political Critics is dispersive in sorts of cultural forms——forms to represent culture,such as essay?fu(?)and poetry.Through discussing different utterances and strategies of Zoushu(??)?Zixue(??)?poetry and fu of commenting on politics and their epochal characters to display the mind of Political Critics in Han dynasty is the original intention of this thesis.Secondly,the Han Empire governs country by writs.Being different from files made by common clerks,not only are the writs,essays created by Wenxue(??)and the Confucian scholars are important expressive medias,which are literary classics as well.This circumstance is related to the system of presenting memorial to the throne,making the literati identity as scholar-officials emerge gradually in history.Essays of Zhaoce(??)and Zoushu are most characteristic ways of thoughts expression,directly take part in the process of imperial construction,which are derived from the establishment of system of civil servants that the Confucian scholars constituting a main part,and Confucianism being the political ideology during the period of HanWudi(???).From then on,the ethos of advocating civil administration in Han politics begins.The thoughts on throne and Wangdao(??)?Badao(??)are the primary ideology when discussing politics,which focus on the general guidelines of achieving personnel political style and trying to get dynamic equilibrium between Wen and Zhi(???)?Chang and Bian(???).Meanwhile,the central subject in Zoushu is changing from discussing Qin's crimes to the mind of heaven.Thirdly,Zhuzi(??)thoughts are important aspects of political utterance in Han dynasty and show up a new tendency——Zajiahua(???),a result of accommodation between Zhuzi;because of which,the theory form and its style cannot be simply judged only by one of Jiuliushijia(????).As a way of innovation of integrated,Zajiahua is also displayed in the most popular literary form Han fu.However,Zi and fu together make good and harm to both of them at the same time.Accommodating others strengthens Confucianism's decorative function,which is a key reason making Confucianism transform from theory to technique;meanwhile,which open approaches to the others for them entering the political system.The Confucianism doesn't win separately by banning Zhuzi from HanWudi,whereas which makes the others succeed indirectly.Zajiahua changes the structure of Zhuzi thoughts,from fierce contending to harmonious concomitant,which eroding their respective personality but also weakening their sectarianism and thus promoting the atmosphere of integration in Han dynasty.Fourthly,as a tradition of "poems expressing wills",poetry discussing politics is the poetic expression of Political Critics.People thoughts in the use of "lyric poetry”including ballad?proverb?song and poem,is the main form from the unprivileged population,which parasitize historical biography and essays created by scholar-officials,indirectly participate in the politics with their political grade being promoted.Subaltern representation of Political Critics is just the mind of heaven and even is the special law in the empire politics operations,especially the augury rumor or Shiyao(??)is taken seriously by emperor and scholar-officials.There are communication and deviation between the upper class and the unprivileged population.The deviation mainly is the difference between "righteousness spirit" and"selfishness spirit",but which has nothing to do with morality.Fu is an important poetic utterance of Political Critics,could be described by "poem,the core;fu,the form".The peculiarity of Chilun(??)is the root cause of this poetic expression.On the textual form,fu and Zou(?)are coincident,and from wen(?)to fu?putting discussing in elaborate arrangement is formal form;On the thought connotation,Chilun advocates insights,fu absorbs thoughts from Zhuzi and historical allusions,and makes it fit Confucian principles with the style of argumentative but not extreme;on the functional performance,exaggeration is just remonstrating,fu describes the image of kingly way politics to make it witnessed,and persuades King to practice.Besides the words,images can afford the function of political speaking.The artistic forms of political utterance such as fu and image have their visual and dexterous effectiveness and advantage,but also have limitation and deficiency.