| The Diaspidinae is the largest subfamily of the Diaspididae.It is currently divided into 4 families and 230 genera.of which 45 genera in 2 tribes are recorded from China.The subfamily insects are herbivorous,and many of which are important agricultural and forest pests.However,there are few studies on the phylogeny of the Diaspidinae in China,the monophyly of most genera has not been confirmed,and the features of genera are discontinuous and ambiguous,and the phylogenetic relationship is unclear.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the taxonomy and phylogeny of Diaspidinae for understanding the evolution of the group and the phylogeny of the Diaspididae.On the basis of Diaspidinae specimens from China,integrated morphological and molecular data,the following research results were obtained:1)A phylogenetic analysis of Diaspidinae was performed by 83 morphological characters from 60 species in 19 genera,using maximum parsimony with Aonidiella aurantii and Aspidiotus nerii as outgroups.The results showed that Diaspidinae was mainly divided into Fiorinidini and Diaspidini,and the main distinguishing feature was whether the female adult was pupillarial lifestyle.It can be concluded that although some morphologically defined genera of the subfamily are monophyletic,they are more non-monophytic.2)Based on concatenated fragments of 3 genetic loci(28S,EF-1α & COI-COII),we reconstructed a phylogeny of 96 specimens of 78 species from 19 genera of the Diaspidinae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference with 10 genera in 6 families of the Coccoidea as outgroups.The results show that the topologys of two trees are basically the same.Based on concatenated fragments of 3 genetic loci,phylogenetic tree display that the Diaspidinae divided into Diaspidini and Lepidosaphidini,and the Diaspidini is mainly divided into the Fioriniina and Chionaspidina.Aulacaspis is a paraphyletic group,and forms a paraphyletic group with Chionaspis and Duplachionaspis.And these three genera form a paraphyletic group with Pinnaspis.These four genera are similar in color and morphology of their female scales,and there are no appendages between the median lobes.However,there are too few specimens of Chionaspis and Duplachionaspis,and it may not be possible to accurately indicate their genetic relationship with the Aulacaspis.BI tree supports Diaspis and Chionaspidina as a sister group,but ML tree supports Diaspis and Diaspidini as a paraphyletic group.So Diaspis temporarily has no subtribe.The trees support Unaspis and Fioriniina as a sister group,so it temporarily belongs to the Fioriniina.The trees support Fiorinia and Pseudaulacaspis as a paraphyletic group,which may be related to the main feature of a pair of setae between the median lobes.The six genera,Greenaspis,Kuwanaspis,Megacanthaspis,Ischnafiorinia,Poliaspoides and Unachionaspis,gather into a branch.The morphological characteristics of these genera are quite different.Most of the host plants of these genera are all bamboos.This result implies that these genera are greatly affected by the host plants during the evolution process,and may be differentiated with the host plant differentiation.It also implies that the evolution of Diaspidinae is closely related to the evolution of plants.The Lepidosaphidini is a monophyletic group.The main characteristics of this tribe are the median lobes strong,separated and present a pair of gland spines between them;and the abdomen has lateral spurs or lateral tubercles,etc.But the trees only includes two genera,Andaspis and Lepidosaphes.And there is only a species of Andaspis,A.crawii.Therefore,the evidence for its analysis is insufficient to accurately classify Andaspis into Lepidosaphes.Ischnaspis longirostris belongs to the Diaspidini,and fails to identify its subtribe.Howardia biclavis fails to identify its tribe.The results based on the multigene joint phylogenetic tree show that the appendages,such as setae,gland spines,etc.,between the median lobes play a major role in the advanced taxonomic order of the Diaspidinae.3)Reported 45 genera and 360 species of the Diaspidinae in China.New species,new combinations and synonyms are as follows:Four new species(Three of them have been published): Unaspis fanjingensis Niu & Feng,2019,Unaspis.menglunensis Niu & Feng,2019,Megacanthaspis guiyangensis Niu & Feng,2019,Nikkoaspis qinlingensis sp.nov.;One newly recorded genus from China: Cameronaspis Takagi,Pong & Ghee 1988.One newly recorded species recored: Cameronaspis adinandrae Takagi Pong & Ghee,1988 rec.nov.;Three new combinations: Aulacaspis cinnamomicola(Takahashi,1935)comb.nov.,Chionaspis ficus(Young,1986)comb.nov.,Chionaspis gracilis(Takagi & Tang,1982)comb.nov.;One synonym: Lepidosaphes beckii(Newman,1869)(Unaspis xianensis Liu & Wang,1996,syn.nov.). |
