| In order to distinguish triticale and rye and explore the cultivation techniques of triticale and rye in alpine pasture area on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,differences including the structural characteristics of root,stem,leaf,inflorescence and seed of triticale and rye were studied in this paper.Besides,effects of the sown density,nitrogen fertilizing rate and cutting date on the hay yield and nutrition were also studied.The results were as follows,1 Significant differences existed for the root structure of triticale and rye.Fresh(0.74±0.13 g)and dry weight(0.47±0.10 g),dry weight of canopy(6.32±1.67 g)of triticale were significantly higher than that of the rye at the level of 0.01.However,the total length(722.08±152.78 cm),surface area(52.76±11.76 cm~2),the number of tips(2556.20±560.75)of roots,and the depth of roots in the soil were significantly lower than that of rye at the the level of 0.01.No significant difference found for the root volume.According to the root characteristics,both triticale and rye had strong stress-tolerance,which was suitable to be planted in Qinghai Tibet Plateau.2 From the shape and chemical component of stem,plant height(103.20 cm)and internode length of triticale were lower than that of rye which showed that strong stability.Triticale had strong internode,pareameters including the thickness of the second internode from the base(3.67±0.49 mm)and stem wall(0.72±0.12 mm),the ratio of the length(80.39±8.06%)and weight(22.83±2.55%)of the sheath coating stem to the internode were lower than tha of rye.All these demonstrated that triticale had strong lodge resistance.High soluble sugar was found in triticale,but the the content of CP,NDF,ADF,ash,cellulose and lignin in triticale was low,therefor;it had good palatability than rye.3 There was no significant difference for the number of leaves of triticale(4~6)and rye(5).Leaf area(20.34±4.96 cm~2)and thickness(317.50±34.98μm)of triticale was greater than that of rye.Therefor,triticale plants owned high CP content and good palatability.4 Structure and morphological characteristics of inflorescence are important factors in plants seed production performance.Especially for the plants of the Gramineae,the size of inflorescence,number of spikelet and flower and characteristics of lemma,palea and awn could affect the formation and production of seeds.Inflorescence characteristics of different lines of triticale(C2 and C35)and rye(C13 and C33)compared in this study and the results showed that the inflorescence of the triticale(14.30±0.52 cm?1.24±0.09 cm)was obviously larger than the rye inflorescence(13.20±0.35 cm?0.82±0.02 cm),number of spikelet of rye(30.20±0.79)was more than that of triticale(21.35±1.47),the number of flower in each spikelet in rye tended to be stable,that is,there were 2 flower per spikelet,while the number of flower grown in triticale varied greatly,with the range of 3~4 flower numbers.Comparisons of flower features in middle spikelet of inflorescence indicated that the length(1.27±0.11 cm)and width(0.26±0.03 cm)of lower glume and the length(1.30±0.09cm)and width(0.23±0.04 cm)of upper glume in triticale were significantly greater than the length(1.04±0.05 cm)and width(0.08±0.01 cm)of lower glume and the length(0.94±0.10 cm)and width(0.06±0.01 cm)of upper glume in rye(P<0.05)and the width(0.32±0.03 cm),height(0.24±0.03 cm)of lemma and the length of awn(8.35±0.51 cm)in the first flower and the width(0.35±0.04 cm),height(0.25±0.05cm)of lemma and the length of awn(8.37±1.19 cm)in the second flower of triticale was significantly higher than the width(0.26±0.01 cm;0.25±0.01 cm),height(0.15±0.01 cm;0.17±0.01 cm)of lemma and the length of awn(5.50±0.19 cm;5.18±0.23 cm)of the first and second flower in rye respectively(P<0.01),and the length of lemma(1.35±0.06 cm;1.37±0.06 cm)and palea(0.84±0.04 cm;1.41±0.06cm)in first and second flower in triticale were less than the length of lemma(1.49±0.05 cm;1.47±0.05 cm)and palea(1.45±0.05 cm;1.47±0.04 cm)in first and second flower in rye.Results of Pearson correlation between flower structure and grain traits of rye and rye revealed there were positive correlation between length of seed and the length of inflorescence and the number of spikelet in base of inflorescence(P<0.05),and the width of seed significantly positively correlated to the length of inflorescence(P<0.01),The grain weight per ear and the number of grains per spike were significantly correlated with the width of lower and upper glume(P<0.01),respectively.Length of seed in rye positively correlated to the length of glume of the second flower in middle spikelet(P<0.05),while the grain number per ear and the height of lemma in the second flower of middle showed significant negative correlation(P<0.01).Studying the structural characteristics of the inflorescence of triticale and rye is of great significance for correctly distinguishing the two and understanding its seed production performance,and at the same time,it is conducive to the demonstration and popularization of triticale.5 No significant differences existed for the seed length and height of triticale and rye.Seed width of triticale(3.03±0.32 mm)was significantly higher than that of rye.So the thousand grain weight of triticale(38.82±0.63 g)was significantly higher than that of rye(30.89±0.18 g)(P<0.01).Triticale seed had long and dense fruit hair,deep ventral trench,and large endosperm cavity.The electron microscope scanning showed that triticale seed was shrinking,and there were irregular stripe pattern on the surface.6 In this experiment,it was the first time to try to sow triticale in autumn in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and succeed.After sowing triticale in fall,the development in the next year was fast,the plant height and forage yield were significantly elevated.Nitrogen fertilizing rate and planting density had significant effects on the hay yield and nutrition of triticale sowed in autumn and spring.The highest yield and nutrition were obtained while the fertilizing rate was 240~360 kg N/ha and the seeding density was 84.3~110.1 million plants/hm~2.7 Forage yield and nutrition of triticale and rye were varied at different cutting dates.Fresh weight and hay yield were the highest while cut at the dough stage and the content of crude protein and the dry matter digestibility were the highest at the booting stage.Along with the postponing of cutting,contents of NDF and ADF increased.Comprehensive evaluation value was the highest at the dough stage,followed by the milky stage.For triticale and rye,the best cutting date was the flowering stage and the quality was best while cut at this stages,they might be cut at the milk ripening stage while the economic benefit was considered,and they could be cut at the heading stage while the relative feeding value was considered.8 The response surface method was used to validate the results of sowing density,nitrogen fertilizing rate and cutting date got from this experiment.The results showed that the hay yield(13.80 t/hm~2),CP content(16.11%)and DMD(79.71%)of triticale were the highest while the sowing density was 300.75 kg/hm~2,nitrogen fertilizing rate was 302.43 kg N/hm~2,and the cutting time was the flowering stage.For rye,the highes hay yield was obtained when the sowing density is 300.00 kg/hm~2,nitrogen fertilizing rate was 304.79 kg N/hm~2 and the cutting date was the flowering stage. |
PDF Full Text Request