| The growth of neonatal animal was the fast period among the whole life.The early growth is important for the infancy,also have long-term effects on the adult life.There is argument on the effect of nursing mother and host genotype on the early development of newborn animals.The newborn gut ecosystem undergoes a dramatic transition from an essentially sterile state to extremely dense colonization,ending with the establishment of an adult like microbial community.In contrast to adult animals,intestinal microbiota of neonatal is more variable and less stable over time.So far,we still have some questions on this topic.How does the nursing mother contribute to the microbial community during breast feeding?Is this contribution lasting after weaning?How is the establishment process of microbiota affected by host genotype,maternal factors and solid food during the early neonatal period?In this study,we developed a cross-fostering model using two different breed piglets.By this model,this study aimed to investigate the effects of genotype(pig breed)and nursing sow on the growth of piglets and the intestinal microbiota.1.The impacts of breed and nursing sow of piglets on the growth of newborn piglets at late sucking and 3 weeks post weanedThe purpose of this chapter was to study the effects of piglet breed and nursing sow on the growth of newborn piglets.Candidate sows of Meishan pig and Yorkshire sows with the similar expected delivery date were chosen and intramuscular injected with cloprostenol(0.2 mg per sow)at 10:00 am on day 113 of gestation periods to ensure the homochronous delivery.Four sows of each breed with the size of 10-12 piglets were finally used for the cross-fostering experiment using pair-wise comparison in the present study.In the cross-fostering model,half of vaginally-delivered piglets in a litter of one breed were fostered by the sow of another breed after suckling for 2 h postnatal to obtain colostrums.Eventually,four groups of piglets were generated as follows:Meishan piglets fostered by Meishan sows(Mm),Yorkshire piglets fostered by Meishan sows(My),Meishan piglets fostered by Yorkshire sows(Ym)and Yorkshire piglets fostered by Yorkshire sows(Yy).One piglet of each replication was random selected and slaughtered on day 28(weaning day)and day 49(end day).The organ,blood sample,gastrointestinal content and tissue were collected to determine the organic weight,blood parameters,digestive enzymes,gastrointestinal tissue morphology and the concentration of short chain fatty acid(SCFA)and biogenic amines.The results showed that,the body weight gain of each period was impacted by the piglet breed,as well as the indices of liver,spleen,large intestine and stomach on day 28 and the indices of small and large intestine on day 49(P<0.05);the nursing sow of piglet impacted the stomach index on day 49(P<0.05),with higher level of organ indices in Meishan piglets.The piglet breed significantly affected the concentration of urea nitrogen level on day 28 and the triglyceride concentration on day 49(P<0.05),which were higher in Meishan piglets than that in Yorkshire piglets.The duodenal villus height was affected by the nursing sow(P<0.05),and the duodenal villus height in the piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows was higher than that in piglets nursed by Meishan sows.The piglet breed significantly impacted the activity of pancreatic amylase on day 28 and day 49,and the activity of pancreatic lipase on day 49(P<0.05),the digestive enzymes in Meishan piglets were higher than than in Yorkshire piglets.The breed impacted the branched-chain fatty acids in the cecum and the proportion of propionate in the colon on day 28,and the concentration of histamine in the cecum on day 49(P<0.05),which were higher in Yorkshire piglets than that in Meishan sows.The concentration of lactate in the jejunum and valerate in the cecum on day 28 were influenced by the nursing sow(P<0.05),which were higher in piglets nursed by Meishan sows than that in piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows.The results suggest that the piglet breed can affect the indicators on body growth and development and the concentration of blood compounds related fat metabolism,but the nursing sow of piglets had a less effect on those indicators.2.The effects of breed and nursing sow on the establishment of piglet fecal microbiota in the cross-fostering modelThe purpose of this chapter was to explore the effects of piglet breed and nursing sow on the development of intestinal microbiota.The sows fecal samples and piglet feces of different time points were collected and DNA was extracted for 454 pyrosequencing.Bacterial DNA specific primers was used for bacteria high-throughput sequencing of sows and piglets fecal samples,and the specific archaea primers was used for archaea high-throughput sequencing of 1,3,7,14-day-old piglet fecal sample.The results showed that the abundance of genera Unclassified Lachnospiracea of large white sows was higher than that of Meishan sows(P<0.05).The impact of nursing sow and piglet breed on the bacterial composition was low during the first week,which became greater from day 14 to day 28.The abundances of Clostridium,Unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae and Coprococcus were influenced by piglet breed,and the nursing sows piglets had significant effect on the distributions of Unclassified Lachnospiraceae,Clostridium,Unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae,Coprococcus and Anaerofilum distribution(P<0.05)on day 28.The abundances of Unclassified Lachnospiraceae,Clostridium and Anaerofilum in Ym group were higher than that in other groups.In the first two weeks,the abundance of core OTUs in fecal archaea among all piglet groups was higher than 80%of total reads at each time point.The abundance of OTUs impacted by nursing sow was highest on day 7 than that on other time points,with higher levels of OTU 9 and OTU 89 and a lower level of OTU 2 in piglets nursed by Meishan sows than that in piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows.The results suggest that the breed and nursing sow of piglet led to the differentiation of microbial community after day 14,while the introduction of solid food trended to decrease those impacts on day 49;The breed of piglets impacted the fecal microbial community on day 28 and 49,while the nursing sow played important role to impact that on day 28;The relatively stable archaea community was established on day 14,and the nursing sow impacted the community on day 7.3.The impacts of piglet breed and nursing sow on the bacterial community in the gut content and mucosa of pigletsThe purpose of this chapter was to investigate the impacts of breed and nursing sow on the bacterial community in the jejunal and cecal content and mucosa of piglets.The jejunal and cecal content and mucosa samples of piglets on day 28 and day 49 were collected from the cross-fostering experiment(Chapter 1).The DNA was extracted and the bacterial community was detected by the 454 pyrosequencing.The results showed that the abundance of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus was influenced by the breed of piglets,which were higher in Meishan piglets;the UniFrac distance within Yorkshire piglets group in the jejunal content was lower than that between the two piglet breed(P<0.05).The UniFrac distance within same Meishan sow group both in jejunal content and mucosa was lower than that between two nursing sow groups(P<0.05).In cecal content,the abundance of genus Bacteroides was impacted by the nursing sow on day 49,which was higher in piglets nursed by Meishan sows than that in piglets nursed Yorkshire sows;the abundance of genus Lactobacillus was impacted by piglet breed(P<0.05).In the cecal mucosa,the abundance of genus Lactobacillus was impacted by the piglet breed on day 28,and that trended to be influenced by piglet breed on day 49(0.05<P<0.1).The abundance of genus Lactobacillus of each site in Meishan piglets was higher than that in Yorkshire piglets.The abundance of genus Prevotella was influenced by the nursing sow both on day 28 and 49,which were higher in piglets nursed by Meishan sows than that in piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows.The results suggest that the breed of piglet could impact the bacterial composition of jejunal content on day 28 and 49,and the bacterial composition of cecum content and mucosa on day 49;the nursing sow could impact the bacterial composition of cecal content on day 28 and the abundance of genus Prevotella in the cecal mucosa.4.The impacts of breed and nursing sow on the growth and cecal metabolites profile of piglets before the introduction of solid foodThe purpose of this chapter was to investigate the growth and the cecal metabolites profile of piglets in the cross-fostering model before the introduction of the solid food.The cross-fostering operation was same to that in chapter 1,but the half of vaginally-delivered piglets in a litter of one breed were fostered by the sow of another breed before suckling colostrums(n=6).One piglet of each replication was random selected and slaughtered on day 14(before introduction of the solid food).The weight of liver,spleen,thymus,kidney and all gastrointestinal tract and the thickness of back fat were determined,the cecal metabolites profile was analyzed with the GC-MS method.Results showed that the spleen index and back fat thickness(BFT)was influenced by the breed of piglets,and the lager intestine index trend to be impacted by the piglet breed(0.05<P<0.1).The organic indices of Meishan piglets were higher than that in Yorkshire piglets.Meanwhile,the concentrations of total cholesterol,HDL-c and LDL-c were affected by the nursing sows(P<0.05),which were higher in Yy group than that in My group.The cecal content metabolites profile of piglets was influenced by different nursing sows(P<0.05),the metabolites related pathways of pentose and glucuronate interconversions,glycerolipid metabolism and atarch and sucrose metabolism were significant different between two nursing sows,which were higher in piglets nursed by Meishan sows than that in piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows.The current study suggests that in the early lactation,the breed of piglets could impact the fat synthesis,and the nursing sow could impacted the blood fat related compounds,the cecal metabolites profile and related pathways. |
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