Genetic Damage Induced By Cooking Oil Fumes Exposure And Its Association With Sleep Quality

Objectives:Indoor air pollution has become a global public health problem.Cooking oil fume（COFs）is one of the main sources of indoor air pollution,which can cause cancer,teratogenicity and mutagenicity.In addition,it has been shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）contained in the COFs are neurotoxic to humans and animals,which may affect the sleep-wake cycle through the toxic effects on the central nervous system（CNS）.In recent years,some studies have begun to explore the effects of cigarette smoke,outdoor air pollution,and indoor solid fuel heating on poor sleep quality,such as sleep disorders,shortened sleep time,subjective poor sleep quality and so on.However,to the best of our knowledge,the effects COFs released from household cooking on sleep quality have not been studied.This cross-sectional study,based on a large-enterprise community population in Guangxi,aims to explore the genetic damage of COFs from household cooking and their association with sleep quality.To further evaluate this effect,urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（OH-PAHs）,as biomarkers of internal exposure of COFs were also determined,and correlated with micronucleus（reflecting the genotoxicity of COFs）and sleep quality.This study aims to provide scientific basis for improving sleep quality and promoting the health of the population,as well as for the prevention and control measures of indoor air pollution.Methods:The subjects of this study came from a large enterprise in Guangxi,with a total of 1608 participants recruited.The health questionnaire and physical examination were conducted on the spot.A total of 1562 valid questionnaires were obtained after checking.Based on the results of the physical examination,subjects were further excluded from confirmed or self-reported suffering from hypertension,cancer,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,anemia,hyperthyroidism,asthma,nephritis,gout,heart disease,anxiety disorder,depression,etc.,and subjects whose blood lead,urinary cadmium and arsenic levels exceeded the national acceptable limits were also excluded.Finally,1028 subjects were included in this study.The information of COFs exposure and demography were collected by questionnaires.Sleep quality was evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep quality Index（PSQI）.In order to control the influence of psychological and family function factors on sleep quality,the mental health status and family function of the subjects were evaluated by the General Mental Health Questionnaire and the family APGAR index respectively.Each participant volunteered to provide a morning urine,and further excluding from current smokers,ex-smokers and the subjects for occupational exposure to aromatic compounds（e.g.,benzene series）,and whose blood lead,urinary cadmium and arsenic levels exceeded the national acceptable limits.Finally,365 urine samples were used to analyze OH-PAHs levels.The urinary OH-PAHs levels in subjects in this study were measured by UPLC-MS/MS,including1-hydroxypyrene（1-OHPYR）,2-hydroxynaphthalene（2-OHNAP）,1-hydroxynaphthalene（1-OHNAP）,2-hydroxyfluorene（2-OHFLU）,3-hydroxyfluorene（3-OHFLU）,9-hydroxyfluorene（9-OHFLU）and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene（9-OHPHE）.The concentration of urinary creatinine was detected by the urine creatinine kit and the OH-PAHs levels were adjusted by creatinine.In this study,940 oral mucosal exfoliated cells samples were also collected from subjects,and micronucleus test was carried out on them.A single sample kolmogorov-smirnov test was used to test the normality of variables.Comparison of sample rate（or composition ratio）between two groups and more than two groups were processed by chi-square test or rank sum test.Two-classification logistic regression analysis was used in multivariate analysis.Results:（1）The order of seven urinary OH-PAHs levels accounted for the total OH-PAHs were 2-OHNAP（45.91%）>1-OHNAP（37.47%）>9-OHPHE（5.04%）>1-OHPYR（3.71%）>9-OHFLU（3.70%）>2-OHFLU（2.42%）>3-OHFLU（1.39%）.Thus,the proportion of OHNAP was the highest,reaching 83.4%.Because urinary 9-OHPHE,9-OHFLU,2-OHFLU,and 3-OHFLU levels in more than 80%of the samples were below the corresponding detection limits,these four kinds of urinary OH-PAHs metabolites were excluded in the next analysis.（2）After controlling for age,sex,alcohol consumption,exposure to secondhand smoke,exercise,occupational hazards,etc.,the results of logistic regression analysis showed that,mechanical ventilation comparing with non-mechanical ventilation,the risk of urinary1-OHPYR was decreased by 45%(OR_adjusted=0.55,95%CI:0.32-0.95,p<0.01).Not turning on the ventilation equipment comparing with turning on the ventilation equipment,the risk of urinary 1-OHPYR was increased by 211%(OR_adjusted=3.11,95%CI:1.43-6.76,p<0.05).The usage of animal oil comparing with the usage of plant oil,the risks of urinary 2-OHNAP,1-OHNAP,and total OHNAP were significantly increased,with the values of OR _adjusteddjusted were 2.17（1.22-3.84）,2.33（1.35-4.04）,and 2.23（1.26-3.95）,respectively,p<0.01.（3）After adjusting for age,sex,exposure to secondhand smoke,alcohol consumption,and exposure to occupational harmful factors,the results of logistic regression analysis showed that not turning on the ventilation equipment during cooking,cooking with natural gas and gas stoves,and poor kitchen ventilation were the risk factors for the increase of micronucleus rate in the exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa,p<0.01or p<0.05.The increase of COFs exposure could increase the micronucleus rate of exfoliated cells in oral mucosa of workers.（4）After adjusting for age,sex,secondhand smoke exposure,alcohol consumption and exposure to occupational harmful factors,the risk of micronucleus rate of oral mucosal exfoliated cells in the high-concentration urinary total OH-PAHs group was 2.24 times higher than that in low-concentration group(OR_adjusted=2.24,95%CI:1.09-4.59,p<0.05).（5）After adjusting for gender,age,smoking,drinking,exercise,body mass index（BMI）,work days per week,shift system,living area,work intensity,daytime short sleep habits,psychological status,family function,and exposure to occupational harmful factors,logistic regression analysis showed that poor kitchen ventilation was a risk factors for overall poor sleep quality,decreased sleep efficiency,prolonged sleep latency,and daytime dysfunction,with the values of OR were 1.98（1.49-2.63）,1.59（1.13-2.24）,1.67（1.23-2.27）,and 1.66（1.20-2.32）,respectively,p<0.01.Cooking with animal oil was a risk factor for sleep disorders（OR=1.82,95%CI:1.03-3.20,p<0.05）.Kitchen area over 8 m² was a protective factor for overall poor sleep quality（OR=0.69,95%CI:0.50-0.94,p<0.01）.In addition,not preheating the oil to smoke was also a protective factor for overall poor sleep quality and decreased sleep efficiency,with the values of OR were0.69（0.50-0.94）and 0.68（0.47-0.99）,p<0.05.（6）Poor kitchen ventilation and cooking time over 30 minutes had a combine effect on the overall poor sleep quality caused by COFs exposure.（7）After adjusting for gender,age,exposure to secondhand smoke,shift system,exercise,daytime short sleep habits,psychological status,family function,and occupational harmful factors,logistic regression analysis showed that,compared with the low-concentration group,the risk of overall poor sleep quality in the high-concentration urinary1-OHPYR,2-OHNAP,1-OHNAP,total OHNAP,and total OHPAHs groups were increased by 94%(OR_adjusted=1.94,95%CI:1.07-3.49),119%(OR_adjusted=2.19,95%CI:1.20-3.98),173%(OR_adjusted=2.73,95%CI:1.50-4.98),163%(OR_adjusted=2.63,95%CI:1.45-4.79),and119%(OR_adjusted=2.19,95%CI:1.22-3.95),respectively,p<0.01 or p<0.05.In addition,the risk of decreased sleep efficiency in the high-concentration urinary 2-OHNAP,1-OHNAP,and total OHNAP were increased by 95%(OR_adjusted=1.95,95%CI:1.08-3.50),118%(OR_adjusted=2.18,95%CI:1.18-4.02),and 97%(OR_adjusted=1.97,95%CI:1.06-3.64),p<0.05.Conclusions:（1）COFs exposure was associated with the levels of urinary1-OHPYR,2-OHNAP,1-OHNAP,and total OHNAP.（2）Urinary total OH-PAHs level was associated with micronucleus rate of oral mucosal exfoliated cells.（3）The levels of urinary 1-OHPYR,2-OHNAP,1-OHNAP,total OHNAP,and total OH-PAHs were associated with sleep quality.（4）COFs exposure has a certain genetic damage to human population.（5）Exposure to COFs from household cooking may be a risk factor for poor sleep quality.