| Handeliodendron bodinieri?Lévl.?Rehd.was a rare and endangered endemic single species genus plant only in parts of karst area of southwest China,and it was an excellent species of rocky desertification control.With high seed oil content which concentrated in kernels,it was also an excellent woody grain and oil plant.H.bodinieri could be planted on marginal land that was not suitable for crop growth,and did not encroach on every inch of farmland in karst mountainous area.To study fruit,seed and its grease traits of H.bodinieri and their relationship with geographical distribution and development period could lay a scientific foundation for its popularization and application.Therefore,the fruit and seed of wild H.bodinieri from six provenances were used as research materials.Based on systematic determination of phenotypic traits such as fruit and seed size and quality,seed kernel rate,moisture content in seed,oil yield was determined by Soxhlet extraction method,fatty acid composition and mass fraction of oil were analyzed by gas chromatography,and oil body of seed kernels was observed by cryo-sectioning production method.Variance analysis,multiple comparison,correlation analysis,cluster analysis,comprehensive evaluation and regression modeling were carried out for each trait data.The correlations between phenotypic and grease traits of fruit and seed of H.bodinieri and their relationship with geographic-climatic factors were discussed,and the best provenance of seed and its grease traits was evaluated and screened.The process and regularity of fruit and seed development and grease accumulation of H.bodinieri from the best provenance were revealed.The main research results were showed following:?1?Study on phenotypic traits of fruit and seed of H.bodinieri shows that there are extremely significant?P<0.01?differences of 12 phenotypic traits among provenances.The coefficient of variation among provenances ranged from 6.74%to 21.51%,with an average of13.41%.Except for the coefficient of seed form,the provenance repeatability of other phenotypic traits is higher,and the mean provenance repeatability of all seed phenotypic traits is 0.964,which indicate that variations of phenotypic traits are abundant and differences between provenances are stable.There are no significant correlations of each phenotypic trait with geographic-climatic factors,which indicate random variation characteristics among provenances.Correlation studies show that phenotypic traits of weight per fruit,seed length,seed diameter and weight per seed are significantly correlated with each other and with other traits.?2?Study on seed grease traits of H.bodinieri shows that oil yield of seed and seed kernel are significantly different?P<0.01?among provenances,and there are abundant variations.The seed grease traits are not significantly affected by geographic-climatic factors and still show random variation characteristics among provenances.Mass fractions of major fatty acids of seed oil are in a stable condition with a small degree of dispersion and variation among provenances,in which,nervonic acid average mass fraction?7.75%?which is discovered for the first time ranks the 4th place in the list of woody plants known to contain nerve acid,and it shows that seed oil has potential high economic and utilization value.As raw material for biodiesel,the tetracosanoic acid and nervonic acid must be isolated from the seed oil of H.bodinieri which could not meet the CFPP requirement of-10?.?3?Study on oil body characteristics in seed kernel of H.bodinieri shows that there are abundant variations in seven traits related to cotyledon storage cell and oil body between provenances and among provenances,and the differences are above extremely significant?P<0.01?.These seven traits are not significantly affected by geographic-climatic factors and still show random variation characteristics among provenances.The key factors determining seed kernel oil yield are circumference of oil body section and area of oil body section,and with a tendency that seed kernel oil yield decreases with enlargement of cotyledon storage cell and vice versa.?4?Study on comprehensive evaluation model of seed and its grease traits of H.bodinieri shows that although there are some differences in the ranking of provenance evaluation in three single evaluation methods of principal component analysis,maximizing deviation method and entropy weight method,they have passed the Kendall's coefficient of concordance test.All the three combination methods of mean,Borda and Copeland evaluation ranking values are the same.Final evaluation ranking of provenance from high to low is Fengshan of Guangxi,Leye of Guangxi,Dushan of Guizhou,Huanjiang of Guangxi,Tianlin of Guangxi and Funing of Yunnan.The entropy method is the optimal single evaluation method for seed and its grease traits of H.bodinieri.Quality related traits of weight per seed and 1 000-grain weight of seed are the most important indices for evaluation of seed and its grease traits of H.bodinieri.The seed and its grease traits of H.bodinieri from Fengshan of Guangxi provenance are the best.?5?Study on development and grease accumulation laws of fruit and seed of H.bodinieri from Fengshan of Guangxi shows that most of fruit quality of H.bodinieri concentrates on the pericarp,while most of grease concentrates on the seed.However,the pericarp grease also has certain economic and utilization value.Thicker pericarp helps to protect seeds from the influence of adverse external environment,and oily seeds are beneficial to the survival and continuity of H.bodinieri.The fruit growth of H.bodinieri is earlier than that of seed,and grease accumulation lags behind the morphogenesis of fruit and seed.They develop synergistically and promote together.The phenotypic traits of fruit and seed differ greatly in individual growth at the early stage of development,but with the development of phenotypic traits to maturity,individual differences will gradually narrow and tend to be consistent,showing convergence.The correlation results show that pericarp oil yield is closely related not only to the main fatty acids in pericarp oil,but also to the main fatty acids in seed oil,while traditional view is that seed oil yield is more closely related to the main fatty acids in seed oil.Based on the phenotypic traits of fruit and seed of H.bodinieri,nine developmental stages can be clustered into morphogenetic stage,rapid growth stage,stable growth stage and adjusted maturity stage.While based on grease traits,eight developmental stages can be clustered into initial developmental stage,rapid developmental stage,adjustment and consolidation stage.?6?Study on development and grease accumulation models of fruit and seed of H.bodinieri from Fengshan of Guangxi shows that effective accumulated temperature of fruit and seed during the whole growth and development period is 2 185.0?.High temperature climate at the later stage of development is not conducive to fruit and seed maturity,which is one of the reasons for high moisture content and low oil yield of mature seed in 2018.There are 6 kinds of regression equations for 28 traits related to fruit and seed of H.bodinieri and effective accumulated temperature,and 26 of them are available except for fruit and pericarp moisture content.The phenotypic traits with higher precision and application value of regression model are weight per seed,fruit length,1 000-grain weight of fresh seed,fruit diameter and moisture content in seed,and grease traits with higher precision and application value of regression model are fruit oil yield,oleic acid,seed oil yield,unsaturated fatty acid and linolenic acid.Quality-related traits and effective accumulated temperature are mostly logistic regression models,showing typical S-shaped curve growth and development law of"slow-fast-slow".At the same time,it is concluded that period of rapid growth and development of fruit and seed of H.bodinieri concentrates between 843.8?and 1 776.7?and corresponding period of development is from S4 period to S7 period,in which,the S5 period with accumulated temperature ranging from1 151.9?to 1 367.2?is the fastest growth and development.The results comprehensively and systematically elucidate characteristics of fruit,seed and its grease of H.bodinieri,and provide scientific basis for production research and afforestation in rocky desertification area in the future. |
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