Study On Aflatoxin Degradation Using Myroides Odoratimimus Strain 3J2MO

Aflatoxins are toxic,carcinogenic,mutagenic,immunotoxic and teratogenic by products of Aspergillus spp.that contaminate a broad range of grains such as maize and groundnuts.Therefore aflatoxins control from farm to folk with all actors informed and engaged is effective strategy to minimize crops contamination.Out of several control strategies,biocontrol is more promising in both pre-harvest,harvest and post-harvest aflatoxins management.During this research,extensive review on recent development of aflatoxins contamination biocontrol in agricultural products were carried out and investigation and characterization of Myroides Odoratimimus strain 3J2MO on Aflatoxin B₁ degradation were studied by looking on different factors influencing degradation rate like pH,temperature,incubation time,bacterial inoculation quantity,toxin concentrations,metal ions and nutrients.Furthermore,analysis of degraded products of Aflatoxins B₁ by Myroides Odoratimimus strain 3J2MO was studied.First:Aflatoxins not only impact negatively crop production but render the produce unsuitable for consumption and harmful to human and livestock health,with tight threshold limits of acceptability.To prevent and control aflatoxins contamination in crops,several control strategies like biological control,development of resistant cultivar and fungicides have extensively studied for the past many years recommended to prevent aflatoxins contamination.Out of these control strategies,biological control of aflatoxins has in recent years showed more promising in both pre and post-harvest crops,since it is efficient in preventing and eliminating toxins,safe-guarding the quality of food and feed,environmental friendly,specific and leaves less hazardous residues.It is suggested in this study that,control from farm to folk which includes on-site monitoring of toxigenic fungi,aflatoxins contamination levels,preventing contamination by inhibiting fungal growth and aflatoxins producing fungi,removing and degradation of aflatoxins should be followed to minimize agricultural products contamination with aflatoxins,with all actors informed and engaged.This study also highlighted the modes of biocontrol action;point out some organisms used for biological control,types and formulations of biocontrol and the effects of biocontrol agents and main applications.Second:Aflatoxin B₁?AFB₁?,is a type I carcinogen that is one of the strongest naturally occurring aflatoxins and can be injurious to humans and livestock upon ingestion,inhalation or skin contact with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects.It causes significant hazardous effects to the food and animal production industries.We found a bacteria strain,3J2MO,that degraded AFB₁ well and here we tested and it were tested and characterized its AFB₁ degradation ability.The strain degraded about 93.82%of AFB₁ after incubated for 48h in Luria-Bertani?LB?medium at 37?with a final concentration of 100ppb and an inoculation quantity of1x107 CFU/mL.High-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection?HPLC-FLD?was used to determine AFB1 amounts.The maximum degradation rates were 89.23%at pH 8.5;55.78%at an inoculation quantity of 1x108 CFU/mL;and 71.50 and 71.21%at 34 and 37?respectively.Treatment with sucrose and soluble starch as carbon sources and beef extract and ammonium acetate as nitrogen sources stimulated the degradation rate.Mg²⁺and Ca²⁺ions were activators for AFB₁ degradation;however,Mn²⁺,Fe³⁺,Zn²⁺and Cu²⁺were strong inhibitors.This bacterial strain has potential bioremediation and the detoxification of aflatoxin contamination for biocontrol strategies in both agricultural products and food-industry matrices.Third:As far as we know,it has not been reported on the degraded products as a result of AFB₁ treated by Myroides odoratimimus 3J2MO,so far 5 non-toxic degradation products of AFB₁ were identified by UHPLC-Orbitrap fusion MS/MS.AFB₁ degradation mechanism by M.odoratimimus 3J2MO could be biodegradation and enzyme might be responsible for AFB1 degradation.The degradation ratio was more than 93.83%in standard AFB₁.Although the study have managed to identify 5 intermediate degraded products(P2,C₁₈H₃₃N₃O₃),(P3,C₁₂H₂₂N₂O₂),(P4,C₁₄H₁₆O₂),?P5,C₈H₄O₃?and(P6,C₁₃H₁₆O₄),the detailed and comprehensive degradation pathway need to be proposed further in future study.According to the criteria for acute pathogenicity conducted previously in our laboratory,the products of degradation of AFB₁ by Myroides odoratimimus 3J2MO were not pathogenic and belong to low toxicity level,after testing the pathogenicity in mice and rats both acute intraperitoneal injection,acute oral toxicity and acute percutaneous toxicity.Therefore,the degradation of aflatoxin B₁ by Myroides odoratimimus 3J2MO has the characteristics of being efficient,safe,environmental friendly and provides a new potential method for aflatoxins contamination reduction and control in agricultural products and food processing industry.