A Pharmacophylogenetic Investigation In The Genus Mahonia In China

Species of genus Mahonia belongs to family Berberidaceae.There are about 35 species of Mahonia in China,23 of which are endemic.Southwest region(Sichuan,Yunnan,Guizhou,Guangxi and Eastern Tibet)is one of the centers of its diversity distribution in China.Many species of the genus are used medicinally.Among,the dried stems of M.bealei and M.fortune are included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition).The dried stems of M.japonica and M duclouxiana are also included in local standards of medicinal materials.They have the effect of clearing heat and drying dampness,purging fire and removing toxin,etc.,and are used for the treatment of damp heat,diarrhea,choleplania,red urinary,sore red swollen eyes,stomach fire toothache,sore furuncle carbuncle swollen,etc.In this paper,domestic and foreign research on Mahonia was reviewed firstly,including herbal records in ancient books,systematic classification and molecular evolution,chemical constituents and biological activities.Afterwards,guided by the theory of relativity of medicinal plants,the genetic relationship of medicinal plants in the genus was discussed by means of interdisciplinary methods of plant taxonomy,modem molecular biology(chloroplast genomics)and chemical taxonomy.The chemical constituents in the dried stems of M.bealei was studied and 24 compounds were isolated.Among,9 compounds were isolated from the species for the first time.The antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts and main compounds of M.bealei were studied.The results showed that ethanol extracts and 8 compounds showed good antioxidant activities.Then,protective effect of ethanol extracts of M.bealei,berberine hydrochloride,jatrorrhizine hydrochloride and palmatine hydrochloride on SH-SY5Y cell injury induced by H2O2 was determined.It turned out that 25 mg/L ethanol extracts had the strongest protective effect on H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury,followed by berberine hydrochloride,in a dose-dependent manner.In the meantime,the effect of ethanol extracts of M.bealei,berberine hydrochloride,jatrorrhizine hydrochloride and palmatine hydrochloride on the growth activity of RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS were determined.It was found that different drug dose had different degrees of inhibitory effect on the inflammatory cytokines.25 mg/L ethanol extracts had the strongest inhibitory effect on the release of IL-6,IL-1?,TNF-?,NO and PGE2,followed by berberine hydrochloride.And no relationship between inflammatory cytokine content and drug dose was observed.The findings could provide a scientific data reference for the application of antioxidant,anti-neurodegenerative disease and anti-inflammatory activities of species of Mahonia.Plant metabolomics research was carried out on species of Mahonia.Based on the chemical constituents,12 species of Mahonia were divided into 2 groups(Group ? and Group ?),and species in Group ? were farther divided into 2 subgroups(Subgroup A and Subgroup B).M.polydonta,M.microphylla and M.duclouxiana were aggregated into one group(Group ?).M.fortune and M decipiens(uncertain)were aggregated into Subgroup A.M.gracilipes,M.eurybracteata,M.bealei,M.japonica,M.bodinieri,M.napaulensis and M.oiwakensis were aggregated into subgroup B.There were some differences in chemical constituents in Group ?,and the chemical constituents showed greater similarity within subgroups.The results indicated that differences and similarities existed in the chemical constituents of species of Mahonia.The findings revealed the genetic relationship of species of Mahonia from the perspective of chemical constituents,which indicated the potential value of plant metabolomics technology in chemotaxonomy.The chloroplast genome of species of Mahonia was studied.Phylogenetic analysis showed that they could be divided into two branches(Branche ? and ?)with high support rate.M.polydonta,M.duclouxiana and M.microphylla were clustered into one branch(Branch ?),the other species were clustered Branch ?.Branch ? could be further divided into two subbranches(Subbranches A and Subbranches B).The above results supported traditional taxonomic view partly(Ahrendt system).For instance,M.polydonta and M.duclouxiana belonged to Subsect.Dolichostyles,and were clustered into a single branch(Branch ?).In Branch ?,M.napaulensis and M.oiwakensis belonged to Subsect.Siamenses and Subsect.Napaulenses,which could be confirmed.Species of Subsec.Japonicae,Subsect.Eulongibracteatae and Subsect.Dolichopodae were clustered into a monogenic group.Lastly,phylogenetic relationship and chemical constituent correlations were discussed at chloroplast genome and plant metabolome levels to reveal the phylogenetic relationships,chemical characteristics,and the internal relationships between genetic diversity and chemical diversity of species of Mahonia.The results elucidated the phylogenetic relationship preliminarily and could provide data support for expanding medicinal material resources of Mahoniae caulis and lay foundation for rational development and utilization of the medicinal plant resources of Mahonia.