A Preliminary Exploration Of The Distal Gut Bacteria Diversity And Use Of Several Non-Human Primates

Huge numbers of microorganisms,including bacteria,fungi,virus and archaea,resided in the digestive tract of mammals and these microorganisms played a vital role in the host health and disease.Bacteria were dominated in the distal gut microorganisms and they accounted for about 99%of the gut microorganisms.There would of great meaning to study their distal gut bacteria for the host health research.Some study pointed out that the phylogenetic status has a close relationship to the gut bacterial community,and the primates have a close phylogenetic relationship to humans.Thus,the study of the distal gut bacteria of primates would be a reference to humans'.In addition,the macaque is a model for some drugs but there just had limited research of their distal gut bacteria.So,we focus on the distal gut bacteria research of the primates,especially the macaque,combined with several carnivores and perissodactyls in this study.The distal gut bacterial community of these animals was investigated using both culture-independent and dependent methods.Several enzyme activities of some isolates,the gene clusters of five Streptomyces strains and the ability to producing glutamic acid of some Corynebacterium strains were investigated to explore for potential application of the gut bacteria.Feaces,including 19 of Macaca mulatto,2 of Macaca assamensis and Hylobates hoolock,and 1 of Rhinopithecus roxellanae,Pan troglodytes,Panthera tigris altaica,Ailuropoda melanoleuca,Ursus thibetanus,Ailurus fulgens,Panther a leo,Rhinoceros uniconis,Equus burchelli,Macaca fascicularis,Nomascus leucogenys,Lemur catta,Rhinopithecus bieti,Trachypithecus francoisi and Presbytis phayrei were involved in this study,respectively.By comparison of the distal gut bacteria of primates,carnivora and perissodactyla,we found that the distal bacteria of these animals were abundant and of high diversity,the distal gut bacteria diversity of carnivora was relative low,the distal gut bacteria of primates were different from other animals and were individual special,the influence of same food on different animals should different,and different animals should have their special bacteria for same food.By comparison of the distal gut bacteria of Macaca mulatto on different conditions,the following results were got.The distal gut bacteria of semi-wild macaque was 'health'than that of captive,the distal gut bacteria were different between breast-fed and formula-fed macaque infants but each of them have their own probiotics or beneficialbacteria,the distal gut bacteria of the macaque of 0-6 months old presented higher diversity than that of 6 months-2 years old,the bacteria diversity were increased and the bacteria community was changed accompanied with the age from 6 months to 14 years old,and the distal gut bacteria of diarrhea macaque presented significant disorder but of the paralysed macaque showed less.In addition,the distal gut bacteria between Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis were similar when they were on same condition.All above indicated that the balance of distal gut bacteria was affected by some conditions.Getting the cultures from gut is the precondition for some next gut bacteria research.In this study,isolation of the distal gut bacteria of the above animals was conducted and there get a total of 892 strains.These strains were distributed in 81 genera and 57 of them were revealed in the high-throughput sequencing.Some visible difference on the agar media during the isolation could not revealed by the analysis of the last pure cultures.Combined with the culture-independent analysis,it could speculate that isolates Pseudomonas caeni and Psychrobacter faecalis might be probiotic.In addition,the new species description of YIM 10105T Corynebacterium faecale sp.nov.and YIM 101593T Mobilicoccus caccae sp.nov.,were presented in this study.For exploration of the potential use of the isolates,hydrolysis of galactose,starch,Tween60,Tween80,casein and cellulose of filtered 460 strains,genome sequencing of 5 Streptomyces strains based on antimicrobial activity and phylogenetic analysis,and the ability to produce glutamic acid of some Conebacterium strains were performed and analyzed.The result showed that about two-thirds of the strains showed one or more activities and different bacteria had different activity tendency.The gene cluster scanning of these genomes showed that all of the genome contained a lot of gene clusters and strains100880 and 101272 present most,which were 42 and 47,respectively.Secondary metabolites isolation of strain 100880 showed the main metabolite was borrelidin.However,the gene cluster of borrelidin did not be predicted by antiMASH but were distributed in several scaffolds.All tested Corynebacterium strains showed negative result of toxin gene detection and all the represent strains showed negative result of CAMP experiment,most strains were positive of urease,facultative anaerobic,and some of the representative strains could produce glutamic acid.In conclusion,the distal gut bacteria were abundant and of high diversity of primates and their distal gut bacteria were different from carnivora and perissodactyla,and they all have their own special communities.The distal gut bacteria of macaque were relative stable but also infuluenced by their age,foods and some other conditions.There have a lot of culturable strains and some new taxon in the distal gut of these animals.The distal gut bacteria might play as an assistant in the host digestion and also had other potential values.