| As an indispensable part of the social and economic development,the establishment of a reasonable and effective banking system is essential for the promotion of the healthy and sustainable development of the social economy.Since the reform and opening up,China's social and economic development has made remarkable achievements,the construction of the banking system has also been sound and perfect.But even so,the construction of the banking system is not static,but with the development of social economy and dynamic change.However,it cannot be denied that at present banking system of our country whether bank institution itself or regulatory regimes exist this or that problems,such as at present,there are many different kinds of domestic Banks with a large number,but still can't break an unsecured,less mortgage financing dilemma,and financing difficult problem for small and medium-sized enterprise and entrepreneurial enterprises is widespread.Again for instance with the rapid development of domestic economy,the domestic financial innovation emerge in endlessly,and like Internet financial new forms how to get into the system,such as separated operation and mixed management "which is better" and a series of problems are in reality,these problems has caused the great attention of national level.On November 9,2015,deputy director of the central financial and economic leading group office wei-min Yang mentioned "to reform the current system of financial regulation".On March 20,2016,the central bank governor Zhou xiaochuan in China's development of top BBS 2016 speech also pointed out that "China's financial institutions system cannot meet the needs of economic development to provide financial services,and financial institutions system problem increasingly obvious in the last two years of economic operation".Xi general secretary in "the central committee of the communist party of China to develop the 13 th five-year plan for national economic and social development suggestion" mentioned that "to reform and improve the financial framework to adapt the development of modern financial markets",which means that the reform of financial system in China is placed on the important agenda.To face reforming,it requires us to learn the world's advanced practice on the one hand.And on the other hand,we need more in-depth review and summary of the history of China'smodern banking system vicissitudes.Xi general secretary said: "To learn history would made people know the success or failure,gain and loss,rise and fall,” taking history as a mirror,summing up experience,finding the law,has important practical significance in promoting the construction of China's current banking system.This paper is based on the vicissitudes of the banking system in modern China(1840-1937),according to main changes of banking system architecture,combined with the categories of division of dynasties,the transformation of modern banking system(1840-1937)is divided into four stages as before the Opium War,in the late Qing Dynasty,Beiyang Period,the period of Nanjing national government.We analyze the background of the banking system at each stage,the organization structure of the banking system,the characteristics and the construction of the supervision and management of the bank and the mechanism of the self-discipline.We then summarize the change of each stage.This article is divided into three parts,a total of seven chapters:The first part is the introduction,namely the first chapter.We elaborate the background and purpose of the study,organize the relevant literature of China modern banking system,determine the research ideas and methods,the definition of the concepts involved in the research,summarizes the research methods,innovation and deficiency.The second part is the body,that is,chapter 2-5,each chapter is divided into three sections,specific as follows:Chapter 2 mainly research China's banking system structure,functions,features and the supervision and management of the situation on this stage,combined with the social environment before the opium war in China,holds that before the opium war,the banking system is still in its infancy in our country,and analyzes the reasons.First of all,from the point of social background analysis,before the opium war because of China's political isolation,backward feudal economic and financial thought more conservative,this great historical background limits the social economy for the needs of the development of the bank,as the economy decides the financial situation,also make the backward situation of the development of the banking system.Secondly,we study the institutional structure and characteristics of traditional banking institutions in China before the Opium war.Through theanalysis,this paper thinks that although before the Opium War in China there is no call the bank institution,but already have been a specialized agencies managing deposit,loan,transfer business.In this paper,these institutions are referred to as the traditional banking institutions.These traditional banking institutions,although their organizations and financial services products are relatively simple,these traditional banking institutions are intertwined,interrelated formed the traditional banking institutions,implement the traditional financial institutions' transition from disorderly to orderly,and they have a strong ability to basically meet the needs of all sectors of the community of financial services.Third,through the analysis and study of the Qing government before the Opium War in the specification of the supervision and management of financial institutions and banking industry self-discipline organization construction,traditional financial institutions such as Banks in our country industry implements the system of "five coinsurance",also have "garden Qian Ye hall" and other trade organizations,but in spite of this,because before the opium war,China's traditional financial institutions in the supervision and management and self-discipline mechanism of advice is not popular,also is not standard,it can be seen that the Qing government for financial institutions implementation supervision and self-discipline mechanism is still in the initial stage.Chapter 3 focus from late Qing Dynasty China banking system's structure,function,characteristics and the change of the regulatory system,to comparatively analysis,expounds the stage of China's banking system.First of all,this paper analyses the late qing dynasty,China's political,economic and financial ideology,background,in order to more fully understand and grasp the status of the bank's development on this stage;Secondly,we study the late Qing period(1840-1911)of the major changes in China's banking institutions.In the60-70 years,a number of foreign banks and Chinese funded banks are set up,form a "Three feet full" pattern.The Bank of China and Bank of communications will fulfill the quasi central bank functions,resulting in a large bank and Bank of communications as the core,the domestic multi-level,diversified banking institutions as supplement.This is a good service to meet the needs of social and economic development.Third,in the late Qing Dynasty,the Qing government formulated the bank prevailing regulation;strengthen the supervision of thebanking system.At the same time,foreign banks established association of foreign banks.As you can see,in the late Qing period,China's banking system in the supervision and management and self-discipline organization construction began on the agenda.Chapter 4 is the study of the formation of China's banking system in Beiyang period.First,we analyzed the Beiyang period.In our country,the army has a lot of political and economic forces,and a number of national industries are emerging in the economy.Financial thought by the Westernization Movement and the western bank theories and banking system in the further spread of influence,the creation of bank's thoughts and actions in unusually active state.Secondly,we study China's banking system Mechanism and its characteristics in Beiyang Period.Because of the rise of the national industry,a large number of commercial banks,professional banks and local banks have set up.And foreign banks by the First World War,Western powers are greatly decreased.The domestic banking system realized from weak to strong.The traditional banking institutions due to the war and the formation of the organization,only banks can survive.Thus,the domestic banking system formed by Bank of China,Bank of communications as the core,to multi-level,the diversification of domestic banking institutions as the main body,some foreign banks,banks of the banking system as supplement.These strongly support the development of social economy.Third,the construction of legal system of banking industry has been put on the important schedule,and achieved great development.It organized the development of the "banking law" and the "rules of the implementation of the law of the bank",proposed strict regulations,put the foreign banks into the scope of regulation.At the same time,association of banks formed and played a very positive role,bank also formed "South Three banks","North four banks" organization,strongly resist the external risks.Chapter 5 is the study of the Nanjing national government period of China's banking system.First of all,we analyze in the Nanjing National Government period,the government made the political powers unified,national economy construction activities carried out and financial thought more comprehensive and advanced.Secondly,we study the composition and characteristic of China's banking institutions.The degree of government run banks increases,the exclusive function of the central bank is clear,each commercial bank of specializedfunctions can be subdivided.The central bank has become a real leading core of the banking system,which has become the "issue bank","bank's bank" and "National Bank" ".The bank institutional system construct as the central bank to be the core,multi-level and diversification of specialized banks,local banks,national private banks,Sino foreign joint venture banks and rural credit cooperatives and other banking institutions as the main body.Third,the government's supervision and management gradually standardized.Through the establishment of the "banking law",the degree of standardization of bank management can be improved.At the same time,the bank organization is tending to governmental,effectively reduce and avoid all kinds of financial risks,improve the safety management of the business.The third part is the conclusion and enlightenment,that is,the content of chapter 6,7.The chapter 6,through the above five parts of the research and analysis,we summarizes the full text.We can draw the following conclusions: one is China's modern banking system origins from traditional financial institutions,qualitative change in the "western" fusion;the second is change of China's banking system is a dynamic process;three is the change of China's banking system has strong inclusive;four is the evolution of banking system is inseparable from the government's leading.The chapter 7,based on the study of the changes of the modern banking system in our country,we draw some enlightenment: one is keeping pace with the times and inclusive reform is key to maintaining the competitiveness of the banking system;second,banking system's transition should prevent blindly worshiping and charming outside;three is the change of the banking system should meet the demand of the economic and social development;four is the government's relative control and the banking system of relative independence should be established between the contingent governance mechanism;fifth,the banking system should prevent the professional managers' adverse selection under commission agent relationship.The innovation of this paper is as follows: First is the research Angle of view of innovation.In this paper,from the perspectives of finance,it research a historical problems,especially the research on the changes of the banking system in our modern times(1840-1937),the time span of nearly 100 years,at present there is few people research aboutit in China;Second is the research methods of innovation.Before and after the opium war to the period of the Republic of China's banking system,the existence of interdisciplinary complexity,needs system analysis,interdisciplinary analysis and quantitative analysis method to be combined used,from the Angle of interdisciplinary to research and define the banking institutions,functions and features with the application of relevant finance knowledge,to use historical standards to recall the operating state of Banks and institutions.Finally,the interdisciplinary comprehensive research and judgment needs the integrated use of the history,finance and materialist dialectics and related knowledge.Third is innovation in terms of research contents.About the research on the history of modern Chinese Banks,most are from the banking system of a certain bank or the side of the stage,but this paper is an overall analysis about the dynamic change process of China's modern banking system. |
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