| Along with the development and utilization of water resource in Hutuo river basin and influences of natural factors including rainfall capacity since the founding of the Republic of China,there have been huge changes in ecological environment of the river basin,including phenomena such as dry riverway,disappearance of waterway transportation,change in biological species,underground water funnel and sand & dust weather.In-depth study on natural performance characteristics of its transition has already carried out in the academic circle.However,relative less studies on natural factors behind water environment transition and intertwining process of human activities have been carried out.By relying on natural science study,the attempt is made to explore the interaction of “man-earth relationship” in water environmental transition of Hutuo river basin in the paper to mainly observe the role of many factors including human activity,social operation mechanism,social mentality and thinking consciousness in water environmental transition of Hutuo river basin.The main research methods adopted in the paper include: 1,literature collection,the main literature studied in the paper is mainly collected from local chronicle,original archive and related newspaper,mainly including related local archives and chronicles of the river basin;2.field investigation according to related sociological theories,it is planned to implement social questionnaires,complete field social investigation and collect related information of man-earth relationship interaction.The investigation range involves the total basin of Hutuo and investigators include peasants,workers,hydraulic engineering managers,environmental protection managers and teachers,etc.;3.interdisciplinary comprehensive research.With emphasis on historical research methods,the topic involves many disciplines such as ecology,sociology,hydraulics,economics and archeology,etc.The following research results are achieved in the paper:1.“Water” resource is the main impetus of the social evolution of Hutuoriver basin.By verifying the cultural,economic and traffic development evolution of Hutuo river basin and even political choice,it could be found that the “water”resource facilitates the social development and transition of the river basin.(1)“Water” resource factors in toponymy culture,local literature and customs & belief.As for Zhuangcao village in Shijiazhuang city,the name of the village is evolved from the homophony of the word “loading”.The place was originally the loading wharf of the transport grain river in the ancient,so it was initially called “loading”.Afterwards,the river was dried up and the water transport terminal was abandoned and was evolved into the village gradually.The homophony of the village name was evolved into Zhuangcao.Up to the present,the villagers have still read it as “loading”(surname);(2)the development of water resource,culture,health,leisure and riverway industries.For instance,the construction of Gangnan reservoir facilitates the development of the bottomland along the river.In particularity,15 thousand mu was developed at the benchland along the two banks of Hutuo River after 1980 and there were planted fruit trees,peanut,watermelon and sweet potato,etc.The annual revenue per mu reached above 500 Yuan and the total annual revenue reached nearly100 million Yuan;(3)Hutuo river water transport was an important water traffic channel connecting the economy and trade of Hebei province and Tianjin area;(4)as for water resource and political choice,“Hutuo River” provided 130 thousand mu of paddy field,25 thousand mu of dry land,80 thousand mu of hilly land for the Pingshan county,abound in wheat,corn,rice and other cereals.With harvest of wheat in the summer and rice in the autumn,the most wealthy village across the county is Xibopo village with annual average harvest of 270 thousand kilos of grain,which forms “Ukraine” in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei namely Xibopo,becoming one of important factors urging people to choose Xibopo as the last rural command post of Chinese revolution.2.Water pollution is the main factor causing environmental deterioration of Hutuo river basin.Water pollution is one of the most characteristics of water ecological environmental transition of Hutuo river basin.Its main pollution sources include the water pollution caused by wastewater discharge in enterprise production,public health protection and social life and excessive usage of pesticide and chemical fertilizer during agricultural production.The change in such water “quality” not only brings about that in natural state of water environment of Hutuo river basin but also further brings about series of transitions of people's life style,production mode,social mentality and regional water case.(1)industrial wastewater pollutes agricultural production environment,thus a lot of cultivated land is alkalized and agricultural crops are severely impaired.For instance,more than 100 thousand trees were rotted away successively in Xinji county,in which 5000 trees were alkalized in the county's farm production team.Since 1976,400 mu of wheat and more than 500 mu of autumn harvested crops have been destroyed due to the polluted water.Meanwhile,the underground water was also polluted and then there emerged phenomenon that a lot of motor-pumped wells were abandoned;(2)the social order of the rural was influenced & changed and human health was severely endangered by water pollution,thus there was lack of sense of security for the individual.Due to the long-term drinking of polluted water in some places,the morbidity was and fetal malformation obviously increased.The underground water inside Luancheng county and nearby the two sides of the river was increasingly polluted severely due to the polluted water in Shijiazhuang city.Thus,the underground water in 11 urban rural areas and 120 square km of land were polluted.According to the investigation of the health department,the occurrence rate of cancer in the polluted areas was obviously increased,which was greatly higher than that in the fresh water irrigated area.86 people died of cancer in Nanjiao village in 1980,accounting for 35.5%.according to the investigation of epidemic prevention department of Shilu county,there were cluster of mosquitoes in the grass.Especially,there were a lot more on the wall,about 5000-10000 about every m2.Besides,these mosquitoes could spread epidemic diseases such as malaria and cephalitis;(3)“ecological crisis” of “water vat” in the city became the hidden danger of the social public safety,bringing about huge risk in urban safety operation.Gangnan and Huangbizhuang water reservoirs came up with water pollution.As for four water reservoirs including Koutou,Hengshanling,Gangnan and Huangbi,three of five poisonous substances were found in Hengshanling and Gangnan reservoirs except Koutou,mainly cyanide.Four poisonous substances of five were found in Huangbizhuang reservoir;(4)interregional disharmony emerged due to “water”ecological environmental transition.Hengshui area in lower reaches was polluted due to the industrial pollution in Shilu county,and there emerged interregional water pollution dispute in many places such as Luancheng and Zhao counties;(5)ecological environmental conditions of cultural relics and historic sites were deteriorated due to the pollution of Zhaozhou bridge caused by water pollution.Thus,China's international image was greatly influenced during diplomacy.3.Ecological and social transition of river basin under the background of water conservancy project.The natural survival state of “water” was changed due to the implementation of water conservancy project.On one hand,the humankind is“beneficiary” from many perspectives such as mitigation of floods & drought,economic benefit development and ecological environmental change.(1)from the perspective of flood control benefit,the wreak havoc of flood inside the river basin was improved effectively.By taking Huangbizhuang reservoir for example,the inundated area may reach 8.09 millions mu of land if the reservoir was not built.However,after building of the reservoir,the inundated area in the lower reaches of Hutuo River was reduced by 3.79 mu in the same period;(2)From the perspective of agricultural benefit,the agricultural production conditions were greatly improved thanks to the diversion works.The beneficial range of the irrigated area of Hutuo River in Xinzhou city involved 3 counties(city areas),14 towns,123 villages and 1state-owned farmland.It also included economic crops such as pepper and sweet corn except main food crops such as corn.The total output value of irrigated agriculture reached 800 million Yuan and there was population of 200 thousand in the irrigated area;(3)From the perspective of comprehensive utilization,the potential development of water resource was improved thanks to power generation efficiency.In 1986 since its establishment,“the project benefit” of Huangbizhuang reservoir added up to 2.125 billion Yuan,in which the total project investment and operation management fee amounted to 368.75 million Yuan and net project benefit amountedto 1756.35 million Yuan;(4)From the perspective of ecological benefit,the regional ecological condition was improved thanks to the water conservancy project.After building of irrigated area of Hutuo River in Xinzhou city,the local agricultural production condition was improved and ecological virtuous cycle was further facilitated at the same time.The surface wind velocity was reduced by about 30% but the relative humidity was increased by about 14% and evaporation capacity was reduced by 28%.Thus,people's health was facilitated and their survival environment was improved.”Secondly,there also emerge natural phenomena including changes in surface water system,underground water system,regional microclimate and organism variety as well as social chain reactions such as social population migration,change in traffic modes and deteriorated survival condition.(1)water conservancy project changed normal survival state of the regional population and there also emerged a series of“immigration syndrome”,like difficulties in immigration life,including “difficulties in trip,drinking water,attending school,visiting doctor,buying things,using electricity,housing,eating,production and getting married”;(2)along with the reduction of water yield of riverway,the water of Hutuo river gradually faded away and economic models of shipping industry also gradually disappeared;(3)the social group gradually expressed their appeal for ecology under the background of water environmental transition.There was appeal for strengthening ecological building of Hutuo River in 1950 s.especially,since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy,there has been more appeal for restoring and protecting the ecology of Hutuo river basin,then gradually evolved into the social decision.Shijiazhuang proposed “Planning for f Ecological Repair Engineering of Hutuo River Namely Comprehensive Improvement of Areas Along the River Basin” to implement the development idea of “developing river for 1-city and 7-county” and realize the goal of building ecological,safe,cultural,vivid and intelligent Hutuo River.4.Ecological and social transition of river basin under the background of underground water development.In social production of underground water resource especially in agricultural production,it played an important “facilitating”role.Underground water development satisfied the basic guarantee of agricultural production water in Hutuo river basin.Thus,there emerged the phenomenon of“green land with well and dried one without well”.(1)in 1970 s and 1980 s,the agricultural development of the river basin directly benefited from the development and utilization of underground water resource.Thus,there emerged special phenomenon that “the land was not dried even there was drought,and the more drought the more increase in yield”.“In 1953,the average yield per mu in Shijiazhuang city reached 97.54 kl and that of ginned cotton was 20.7kl.In spite of no rain for more than 200 consecutive days in 1972,the average grain yield per mu across the region still reached 286.4kl and that of ginned cotton reached 26.5kl.Along with the summer drought in 1979,the rainfall from August and September was only48 mm,a reduction of more than 70% than the perennial rainfall.Thanks to the motor-pumped well,the drought was overcome.The average grain yield across the region reached 2.41 billion kl and per unit area yield was 448 kl,creating the highest historical level”.(2)underground water development not only can guarantee the need of agricultural production and development but also was an investment channel with high “rate of return”.The net earning per single well in Wuji county reached 1078 Yuan every year.The total investment could be collected within four years.The pure profit per single well was 64 Yuan;(3)due to the negligence of underground water development under underground water regeneration law,there were a series of corresponding changes in ecological environment,like no water,continuous increase in burial depth,formation of underground funnel and drying of motor-pumped well.Therefore,it's necessary to ecological reactions to revision of the social decisions to ensure the water conservancy planning to be the same as the ecological conditions.5.Historical investigation and reference of water resource management in the river basin.The building of scientific management mechanism in water resource was an important link for maintaining water ecological environment.Historical investigation into ecological environmental management of Shijiazhuang city in1970 s and 1980 s was carried out in the paper.Firstly,scientific operation mechanism in ecological and social management was built:(1)full-member interventionmanagement mechanism of water ecological protection should be built;(2)water ecological environmental protection should be included into the national economic development planning and economic management track;(3)advocate legal thinking for ecological management,improve organization setting and improve execution efficiency;secondly,improve the level of recognition of social group on ecology:(1)set awareness of “water” ecology;(2)abandon sided thinking of “separation between ecology and production”;(3)develop the teaching role of ecological education.6.Non-natural driving factors of transition in water environment in river basin and building of harmonious water ecological philosophy.The non-natural driving factors of transition in water environmental in the river basin mainly included:(1)urban-rural binary structure: the urban-rural binary structure was resulted from the imbalance in urban-rural development in the traditional society and different output-input ratios of corresponding industry and agriculture,represented by water resource distribution in the river basin namely the urban was superior to the rural and industry to the agriculture;(2)ecological requirements at the new era were opposite to some traditional industries: in the face of new ecological requirements at the new era,some traditional industries had to make choice for development.However,these industries also undertook social responsibility for the survival of the groups.Thus,there emerged new ecological requirements at the new era and gambling of traditional industry;(3)contradictory positioning of numerous subjects in the society: firstly,from the perspective of social individual,on one hand,the social individual had certain requirements for water ecological environment and some also didn't have awareness for the lack of water ecology and behaviors of destroying the water ecological environment.On the other hand,under the existing system of governmental performance evaluation,the protection of water ecology usually obeyed to the excessive pursuit for local GDP,and there emerged invalid governmental monitoring behavior;(4)due to the materialism of the humankind,there was excessive pursuit for economic functions of water environment in the river basin and even its ecological and social functions were ignored.Microscopically,it is advised to build practice and harmonious water ecological philosophy:(1)realize urban-rural balanced and coordinated development to manifest the fair environment of water resource sharing;(2)refer to and have reflections about other countries' experience in governing the river basin from the perspectives of improving utilizing efficiency of water resource,strengthening scientific support,improving legal construction,grasping the hysteresis characteristics of change in water ecological environment;(3)develop government's leading role in forming social multi-level water ecological operation guarantee mechanism;(4)try to break through the gambling of natural and administrative domination features of the river basin. |
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