Technology, Economics And Landscape Processes

Traditional agriculture under certain environmental conditions is a "panoramic"process having regional characteristics.For a long time,most of the historical agrogeography research,based on agriculture geographical narrative framework,makes an panoramic description to regional agrogeographic composition factors and regional agricultural appearance in a certain historical period,and examines the relationship between man and land at that time.Any individual element of agricultural production is not enough to reflect the outline of the production and the corresponding relationship between man and land.A mature study on historical agricultural technology geography usually makes agricultural technology-centered discussions on the relationship between the environment and the agricultural technology,and probes into agricultural technology selection mechanism in a complex environment.It accords with law of cognition to general facts only when the elements of agricultural production could be considered as a whole in a specific relationship of man and land and the environment condition.The analysis of the landscape is an appropriate perspective to them.This dissertation tries to reconstruct many relationships behind the landscape.Cultural landscape is the result of the production activities,and the landscape process has its intrinsic mechanism of change.This paper takes the agricultural landscape process of Henan during the Qing dynasty to the period of the republic of China as the theme,places the man and land relationship problems under specific historical period and specific region,analyzes the landscape procedural decision function in the overall perspective from technology combination with economy mode change,through which it rediscovered forms of technology combination under specific man and land relations and the environmental conditions,gives perspectives to inherent adaptation model of traditional agricultural technology.Landscape process has different performance in different environment conditions and the relations between man and land conditions.The diversity of Henan regional geographical environment and resources endowment condition determines the way of the technical combination and the regional differences of landscapes.The periodic characteristic of man and land relationship determines the intensive trend of the technology choice,and makes landscape process showed different performances.According to the basic situation of Henan area population and cultivated land change in the Qing dynasty,the change process agricultural man and land relationship in the Qing dynasty in Henan area is bounded to be divided into two stages by Yongzheng period to the early Qianlong period.The previous stage of technology combination with landscape process mainly put emphasis on land use and water conservancy technology;And the technology realization adjustment and landscape process performance in the second stage is mainly in the change of crop combinations.The intensive technology trend is apparent due to the increasingly intense relation between man and land and population pressure.Correspondingly,the process of agricultural landscape was characterized by having three stages.The adjustment of the technology form is the direct cause of landscape change.Water conservancy is the lifeblood of dry farming,irrigation works has been carried out in Henan in the middle of the Qing dynasty due to the increasingly tense contradiction between man and land.But because of the limitation of water resources,water conservancy space difference is huge,and usually the prevalent trend is the miniaturization and decline of irrigation.After Mid-Qing period,crop composition adjustments become the main choice,including the adjustment of traditional crops combination and the efforts of the introduction of new crops.Traditional crop species vary,and the combination is more flexible with stronger adaptability.And introduction of the new crop is the long-term process of gradual blending in crop combination.The formation process of crop combination shows a certain spatial difference.The potential of traditional agricultural is limited,and technical change is not enough to fully explain the landscape processes.Because of the technical weakness,it becomes necessary to change in the economic choice.The enhancement Intensive degree and the diversification of technology combination cannot fully meet the needs of society.On the basis of the adjustment in crops combination,the commercialization tendency of the agriculture is increasingly significant.Agricultural commercialization process also shows significant spatial difference.Under different environment and conditions of the relation between man and land,the commercialization degree of food crops and the composition of economic crops show significant differences of space and time.Therefore,agricultural landscape process is the result of joint action of both technological change and economic change.Under different environmental conditions,the mode,degree,roles of primary and secondary relations of technological change and the economic change are different respectively.