The Research On The Movement Of Rectificatting Communes In Kaifeng Rural Areas Of Henan Province(1958-1962)

From the founding of new China to the reform and opening up,the basic clues of the Communist Party of China's rural governance can be said to be "class struggle as the key link".Naturally,The starting point of this clue is the land reform,land reform through the class struggle in the rural social practice,not only achieved the redistribution of land and wealth,but also each person's political life,cultural life and daily life had closed together with the class struggle.After the land reform,the agricultural cooperative movement and the movement of people's commune had the rural collective degree more and more high,but because it divorced the actual needs from farmers,cooperatives and people's commune had exposed serious problems.To this end,at the CPC Central Committee's request,all regions combined with Party rectification,had the cooperative and the people's commune long and intermittent rectification.In the process of rectification,there were two ways to always play a role,one is the class struggle,the two is the technical type of rectification,in different stages,they often alternately occupy the leading position.In 1962,with the establishment of the system that team as the basic accounting unit of the commune,and again on the tenth Plenary Session of the 8th CPC Central Committee of the class struggle,the rural community rectification into a new "four clean-ups"movement,the rural governance mode was almost completely replaced by class struggle.Therefore,before the reform and opening up,the rural community rectification movement is an important part of CPC's rural governance on "taking class struggle as as the key link".With respect to land reform and "four clean-ups" studies,the concern on rural communes rectification is not high in social scholars,there are two possible reasons:one,this movement is less influence than land reform and the "four clean ups";two,communes rectification is long duration,intermittent,central file on this aspect is not very clear,the system sorts out the national level have difficulty.Therefore,this paper takes Kaifeng area of Henan Province as the center,using local rich archives,to investigate the process of rectificatting people community movement(1958-1962)within the scope of area.The needs of the research,this paper aslo discussed the cooperative rectification.During the period of collectivization rectification of primary agricultural cooperatives waged Kaifeng area is the spring of 1955,the spring of 1956,the senior agricultural society rectification 4 times,respectively,in the spring of 1956,the autumn of 1956,by the end of 1956 to early 1957,winter of 1957 to spring of 1958.Its main features are:movements mainly by the leadership of the Party committee at the grassroots level,the team played a supporting role;emphasizing the consistency of rectificatting on CPC,CYL,collectivization;pay attention to the reform of the backward Production teams.In the people's commune period(1958-1962),the rural community rectification movement in Kaifeng area can be divided into 5 stages:the first stage was from August 1958 to October,the main method of rectificatting community was by extensive discussion,criticism of right-wing conservative ideas,for servicing the "left leaning" principle that the implementation of the "great leap forward" and the people community movement,at the same time,carried out some preliminary research and test on the people community's ownership,management,public canteens and other issues.The second phase from November 1958 to July 1959,the first conference in Zhengzhou to Mount Lu conference,the main is to carry out community correction of the "left"policy,to carry out the "Communist wind" settle accounts work.The third phase from November 1959 to March 1960,nearly half a year after Mount Lu conference,with the implementation of the"anti rightist" as the center,begin consolidating rural Party cadres rectification,then in the form of socialist education was extended to all rural population.The fourth phase from April 1960 to March 1961,the rectificatting community is mainly rural cadres to purge."November 1960 twelve" issued for the sector,some to reform the "Backward Production Teams" and Three-Anti as the main content,after the section to carry out the "democratic revolution education" and against the "Five Winds" as the main content.The fifth phase from April 1961 to October 1962,in order to carry out "60 agriculture articles",mainly includes adjustment scale,handle community in democratic method,collective team accounting,screening vindication etc..Through the investigation on rural community rectification movement during the period of people's commune,this paper believes that,in the first,the deployment of Kaifeng party committee on rectification movement on different stages,basically follow the ideas of the CPC Central Committee,the class struggle and rectify alternating dominant technology.During the period of class struggle,the subordinate organs in the area tend to cater to the higher level,and create false materials which were in a tight situation in the class struggle,which makes the movement have the effect of error amplification.Secondly,rectificatting communes in Kaifeng area from April 1960 to March 1961 was in accordance with the theory of Mao Zedong's "two kinds of contradictions".Before the start of the movement,to distinguish the "enemy",according to the extent of the problem to separate different types of communes and production teams,and then focus on the so-called "enemy power" backward communes production teams,redistrictted class composition,setted up poor and middle peasant class organization,carried out the struggle and took special training to suspected cadres.These practices were extended to the period of "four clean-ups"movement.In addition,a very important concept,namely "capitalist road establishment",the formulation of the prototype is conceived in this stage of community rectification.Can be said that this stage is the prelude of the "four clean-ups"movement.Finally,influenced by the merge of Kaifeng and Shangqiu in "great leap forward",existing competitive factions structure in the two areas cadres,therefore,the rectification movement in the"localization" transformation of Kaifeng area shows some complexity.