Study On Transformation Of Jiangsu's Local Political System During Late Qing And Early Of The Republic Of China(1905-1927)

Late Qing and early of the Republic of China, development of Jiangsu Local Political System continues the trend of constitutional reform in Late Qing, the characteristics are obvious. On one hand, setting up parliament, establishing judicial system, renew administration, performed local autonomous make a good base for Jiangsu's Politics modernization. On the other hand, parliament lack of initiative, judicature can't independent, administration organization alternate frequently, local autonomous stop on the feet, all of those make Jiangsu local Political System had to face lots of question, even indicate back trend. In that moment of indecision, modern Jiangsu's Local Politics modernization seems extremely difficult.After the Qing government commanded all provinces setting up the adversity council, Parliamentary politics start to run initially. At the beginning,Jiangsu province's adversity council is in the upswing with rich Political democratization, supervising government, deliver public will, reflect popular feelings, thus embodied the advantage of Parliamentary democracy spirit. After the early of the Republic of China, influenced by warlord politics and factionalism, Parliamentary democracy spirit turns more and more weak, congressman lack of democracy,they don't stand for public will but symbolized "congressman" as status and power, "private will" freeze out "public will" gradually. Congressman sought individuality and group interests, ignored public interests. Under this circumstance, the democracy spirit that thrived in late Qing's adversity council, not only can not last, instead it retired quietly facing Practical interest.With the help of Constitutional reform, Jiangsu Province separate judicature from Administrative system, and divide judicature into judicial trial and judicial administration, embodying trend of independence of judicature. However, inflected by traditional concept of litigation, the public showed cold shoulder to the set up of trial hall. But still see the country government as important judge organization, the new trial hall didn't work as expected, this influenced the modernization of judicature to a certain degree. At the early of the Republic of China, Jiangsu's judicial system once continue later Qing's judicial reform trend and put into practices, especially showed in numbers of trial hall continually rise, extension of control area, judicial independence got further enhance. While, during that time social style change intensely, politics instability, Jiangsu judicial uncontrollable showed lots of questions:litigation goes too traditional, court goes too administration, judges goes too bureaucratic, etc.After the reform of central official system, Jiangsu reformed its original administration organization from both in province level and county. On one hand, setting up new organization and official from province level, for example:Learning Shisi, Raising Law Shisi, Patrol police Dao, Encourage learning Dao, Negotiate Shisi, etc. One the other hand, setting up related organization in county level, such as:Patrol police Dao, Encourage learning Dao, Autonomous Institution. Those new administration organizations not only break through the limit of traditional administration institution, but also push forward the change of administration organizations' function. At the early of the Republic of China, Jiangsu administration system continues later Qing's administration frame, showed out characteristics as organization detailed and function professional, administration system developed toward modernization. But at that time, Jiangsu administration system's development lack of stable social environment, administration organizations alternated frequently from province level to county, can't maintain stable administration system, all of this became the big resistance to Jiangsu administration system's modernization process.Later Qing, Jiangsu local autonomous' beginning and development almost rely on "officer supervise and country gentleman actions". Thus, local autonomous'implement full of "officer administering" characteristic. During this process,country gentleman introduced "autonomous" through "officer administering", as a result of conflicts with the public, then Jiangsu's local autonomous booming at later Qing, the local autonomous' can't well developed. After the early of the Republic of China, Jiangsu's local autonomous continue later Qing's local autonomous, also extension in the county level. Because of Yuan Shi Kai's abolished local autonomous, it sank into unchangeable situation. Country gentlemen as the main body of local autonomous hope to keep dominance in hand, fighting sharply with the central authorities, showed the strength of Jiangsu's local and law theory sense.