| Glazed tiles are the building materials which have low temperature and lead glaze,the firing temperature of the body is about 1000?,800?880 ? for glaze.For a long time since Song Dynasty,the color glaze materials were standing for the power of the emperors,there were monopolized by the official architectures.As a ceramic's building materials,the glazed tiles were able to enhance the beauty of the buildings and had the better stabilization and higher hardness in the property than the common tiles,there also could prevent corroded.In recent years,our country had pay more attention to the cultural heritage protection,scores of heritage buildings were repaired and protected,therefore,the research of the glazed tiles had attracted interests for many scholars.Such as the Beijing imperial palace and porcelain tower of Nanjing,there had been extensive researched by many scholars,while the Ming Zhong du in Fengyang(FMZD)was the first capital for Ming Dynasty as the early Ming Dynasty three capitals,it had an importance values in city planning and history of architecture technology,but the building materials of FMZD had not got enough attention in academia until now,also the glazed tiles had not been researched.In 2015s,Anhui Provincial Cultural Relics Archaeological Research Institute had initiated a comprehensive and systemative archaeological excavation for FMZD in order to combining construction of the Mingzhongdu Huanggucheng national archaeological park and understanding the layout playing,architectural technology and prosper and waste processing.Scores of glazed tiles were unearthed during the archaeology excavating which offered the plenty of data for researching the FMZD's glazed tiles.Based on the historical materials records,Mingzhongdu was built by a luxurious and high standard,the technological level of the glazed tiles was standing for the best standard in early Ming dynasty.On the view of existing materials,early Ming dynasty was a key stage for the technique of glazed tiles,because this period was a transition inheriting the mature of Song and Yuan dynasty to heyday of Ming and Qing dynasty.In this period,on base of Song and Yuan dynasties technique,the technique of glazed tiles was to develop plenty colors:yellow,green,red,purple,caramel,blue,black,white et al,which could meet the need all kinds of buildings,and established the foundation of the birth for the Ming and Qing dynasties official-type architecture.While,there was no report about the manufacturing technique of tiled glazes in this period until now.Exploring and analyzing the manufacture technology of the FMZD's play an important significance for understanding the firing technology in early Ming dynasty,so,this thesis tried to analyze the glazed tiles of FMZD with science and technology means in order to discuss the technology and provenance of them.This thesis first gave the define for the glazes and glazed tiles,generalized the origin of the glazed tiles,development history and research status at the present.It also introduced the thesis's background and meaning and purpose,innovation point and experimental scheme.Then had a brief introduce for referring the five sits in this thesis,carded the course of building and wasting and archaeological excavation for Mingzhongdu,imperial palace of Ming dynasty in Nanjing(NMGG),porcelain tower of Nanjing(DBES),introduced the survey and explore achievement for Dangtu coloured glaze kiln(DY)and Qianjianzi coloured glaze kiln(FQY).Whereafter,this thesis carried out four levels studies for the glazed tiles:1.By analyzing the physical properties,firing temperature,chemical composition,microstructure to discussing the bodies technology of glazed tiles and comparing with FQY,DY,NMGG,DBES in chemical composition to reveal the difference of the technology.2.Chroma,X-ray fluorescence(XRF)and polarizing microscope were used to systematically analyze the glaze of glazed tiles(yellow glaze,red glaze,caramel glaze,green glaze,peacock blue glaze)excavated from Mingzhongdu site in order to discussing the chorma,chemical composition,microstructure,combined with glaze recipe recorded in historical materials,discussing the glaze of the FMZD's glazed tiles.3.Using ICP-MS to analyzing the microelement analysis of glazed tiles bodies in FMZD,combining with DY,FQY,NMGG,DBES to discuss.This thesis also used the lead isotope to analyze the glazes,this method used for researching the glazed tile's glazes was an innovation point for this thesis.4_discussing the technology of the body and glaze of yellow glazed tiles among the Mingchusandu(Beijing,Nanjing,Fengyang).Finally,this thesis drew the following conclusion:1.multivariate statistics indicated the chemical composition had dispersibility of the FMZD's glazed tiles bodies,which showed that the raw materials ratios were difference,and the glazed tiles in FMZD were fried in different areas,but concentrated in one area,these showed the glazed tiles in concentration area were unanimous in chemical composition and firing technology,and different areas had difference in them.2.Distinguishing the red and yellow glaze easily by chroma which the two colors distinguished hardly by naked eye.3.The glazed tiles were lead glaze and had low temperature,the PbO content was above 50%,someone might higher.But the PbO content in peacock blue glaze were lower than other glazes,only about 30%,and other difference between the peacock blue glaze and other glazes was the system,the peacock blue glaze was K2O-PbO-SiO2 high-alkali glaze system,while the others were PbO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary system.4.The glazed tiles of FMZD had dispersion in microelements and major and minor elements,this conclusion proved the origin of raw materials had several places.This thesis also used the fLA-MC-ICP-MS to analyze the glazes with lead isotope,this method used for researching the glazed tile's glazes was an innovation point for this thesis.The lead isotope results indicated that the origin of the glazes was relatively centralized,this meant the glazes had a strict origin,mainly came from the Yangtze vally and the south of China,combined with the lead isotope data which had been researched by the predecessor for the lead stone in lead mine,the glazes of the FMZD's samples were near to Hunan,Guangdong,Guangxi,but there also many samples had not reference mine,and needed further looking for reference data.5.By comparing the yellow glazed tiles in"Mingchusandu"(Fengyang,Nanjing,Beijing),for their technological of body and glaze.In the aspect of the body,the samples of Beijing were obviously different from Nanjing and Fengyang's,while,there were continuity and succession between the samples of Nanjing and Fenyang.As for the color glaze,the ratio of PbO/SiO2 in Beijing's yellow glaze was lower than that in Nanjing and Fengyang,the ratio of Fengyang was highest,Nanjing's was near to Fengyang.Using the science and technology means to research the glazed tiles in FMZD site,this thesis not only revealed the microstructure and firing technology in bodies and glazes,but also established the basics of researching glazed buildings materials deeply in "Mingchusandu",and also offered the scientific basis in exploring the provenance of materials and organization management of project for building"Mingchusandu"... |
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