Research On The Community Of Mining And Metallurgical Engineers In Modern China(1875-1949)

The process of industrialization in modern China is a process of transplanting Western science and technology.In the process of transplantation.engineers play an irreplaceable role as bearers of technology.As the industry of energy and basic materials in modern industrialization,mining and metallurgical industry is the first to be paid attention to in the Westernization Movement apart from military industry.Therefore,it is of great historical significance to study the efforts made by engineers in the field of mining and metallurgy in the process of industrialization in modern China.Modern Chinese mining and metallurgical engineers came into being along with the birth of modern China’s mining and metallurgical industry in 1875.From early recruitment of foreign mining and metallurgical engineers to the 1880s.the first batch of local mining and metallurgical engineers was nurtured among the community of young children studying in the United States.and students of Fujian shipping bureau studying in Europe.With the rise of overseas education in the late Qing dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China,as well as the development of local mining and metallurgical education.the continuous development and expansion of local mining and metallurgical engineers gradually replaced foreign mining and metallurgical engineers as the backbone of China’s mining and metallurgical engineering technology.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in China,the mining and metallurgical engineers in China’s mining and metallurgical industry were fully localized.Meanwhile along with the formation and development of the local mining and metallurgical engineers.the community of mining and metallurgical engineers has gradually realized organizational and professional development.The dissertation starts with the historical material of Natioinal Specitalizetd Personnel Survey Report,No.1,Mining cand Metallurgy published in 1937.It first presents a general picture of the community of mining and metallurgical engineers in the period of the Republic of China.and then describes the process of formation of the community of modern mining and metallurgical engineers from the aspects of tangible organization and intangible organization.The dissertation categorizes the situation of graduates of mining and metallurgy at home and abroad during the late Qing Dynasty(1875-1911),the early period of the Republic of China(1912-1937),and the period during and after the Anti-Japanese War(1938-1949).The formation of the community of mining and metallurgical engineers at various stages and their participation in the mining and metallurgical industry are discussed,and the characteristics of the community of mining and metallurgical engineers at each stage are summarized.Then this dissertation highlights the community of engineers in the Chinese Institute of Mining&Metallurgy and their efforts and role in the ten years before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War.Finally this dissertation discusses the role of mining and metallurgical education and scientific research in promoting the formation of the community of mining and metallurgical engineers,the practical role played by the mining and metallurgical technocrats in the construction process of modern mining and metallurgical technology in the period of the Republic of China,as well as the hardship of China’s mining and metallurg,ical engineers in the process of entrepreneurship of modern China’s industrialization.It is pointed out that in the absence of industrial conditions.the development of the mining and metallurgical industry in modern China has been tortured greatly.which has,to a large extent,restricted the role of the community of Chinese mining and metallurgy engineers.However,it is undeniable that at the juncture of the Anti-Japanese War,the Chinese mining and metallurgical engineers have been pushing forward the nation’s mining and metallurgical industries in the rear of the war with great pioneering spirit,which proves that the community of Chinese mining and metallurgical engineers are fully capable of accomplishing the historical mission of realizing industrialization.