| The phenomenon of improved human health and increased longevity is prominent in Bama county,Guangxi province,bearing distinctive local features.The present study investigated the nutrient intake of the healthy centenarians,elderly people aged 80-99 years and elderly people aged 60-79 years from Bama,and the elderly people aged 80-99 years from Nanning.The urine metabolic profiling of the centenarians and the elderly people aged 60-79 years from Bama was analyzed by the non-targeted mctabolomic approach.The metabolites related to diet were determined in the centenarians,the elderly people aged 80-99 years and the elderly people aged 60-79 years from Bama and the elderly people aged 80-99 years from Nanning by the metabolite target analysis methods.The element levels in nails of the four groups were measured by the ICP-MS technology.The pattern recognition analysis was used to identify the characteristic components closely related to the healthy centenarians from Bama.The relationships between the intake of nutrients and the metabolites as well as the element profiles in nails were analyzed.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the metabolic characteristics and the feature of element profiles in nails of the centenarians from Bama,and the correlation between diet and metabolism.The main results are summarized as follow.The dietary survey was conducted by means of weighing record method coupled with dietary recall method.The nutrient intake of the four groups were analyzed and compared.The results showed that the energy intake of the centenarians and the elderly people aged 80-99 years from Bama were significantly lower than that of the elderly people in Nanning(p<0.05),and decreased by 20%and 19%respectively.The intake of protein,fat and cholesterol of the centenarians,the elderly people aged 80-99 years and the elderly people aged 60-79 years from Bama were significantly lower than those of the elderly people in Nanning(p<0.05).The dietary fiber intake of the centenarians from Bama was significantly higher than that in the other three groups(p<0.05),and increased 1.7-fold compared with that for the elderly people in Nanning.The vitamin A intake of the centenarians from Bama was highest,and significantly higher than that of the elderly people in Nanning(p<0.05).The Mg intake of the centenarians from Bama was also significantly higher than that of the elderly people aged 80-99 years from Bama and Nanning(p<0.05).The PLS-DA was used for pattern recognition,and the results showed that the dietary fiber,vitamin A,energy,fat,protein and cholesterol had more contributions to the differences between the Bama group and the Nanning control group.Therefore,the results indicated that the characteristics of diet of the healthy elderly people from Bama were higher intake of dietary fiber and vitamin A and lower intake of energy,fat,protein and cholesterol,which may have an important and positive impact on the formation of the phenomenon of the longevity in Bama.The participants included the centenarians and the elderly people aged 60-79 years from Bama.The urine metabolic profiling was analyzed by LC-MS.The multivariate statistical analysis technologies including PCA,PLS-DA,OPLS-DA were used for pattern recognition.The scores plots of the PLS-DA model and the OPLS-DA model revealed a clear separation between the two groups,which indicated that the two groups had distinct differences in the metabolic profiling of urine.In the ESI+mode,38 differential metabolites were identified.In the ESI-mode,67 differential metabolites were identified.Eighteen characteristic metabolites closely related to centenarians from Bama were identified further.Among these metabolites,5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan,caffeic acid,D-ribose,L-glutamine,L-methionine,pyroglutamic acid,Lyso PE(0:0/18:1),Lyso PE(0:0/20:4),Lyso PE(0:0/22:4),Lyso PE(0:0/22:5),Lyso PE(0:0/22:6),PS(20:0/19:0),PS(22:0/18:3),PS(22:4/22:4)and PS(0-18:0/19:0)were significantly increased in the centenarians(p<0.01),while L-histidine,histamine and indole were significantly decreased in the centenarians(p<0.01).Among the 18 characteristic metabolites,the fold change of PS(0-18:0/19:0),PS(22:4/22:4),PS(20:0/19:0),PS(22:0/18:3)were highest.The four characteristic metabolites were phosphatidylserine,which may have a positive effect on the functions of nervous system and the cognitive capacity of the centenarians,and have an important impact on delaying senescence and prolonging life-span.The metabolites related to diet were analyzed in the four groups,including the short chain fatty acids(acetic acid,propionic acid,isobutyric acid,butyric acid,isovaleric acid and valeric acid),total bile acids,phenol,p-cresol,creatinine,uric acid,urea and ammonia.The results showed that the contents of short chain fatty acids and total bile acids in feces of the centenarians were significantly higher(p<0.05),and the contents of phenol,p-cresol,ammonia,uric acid and urea in urine of the centenarians were significantly lower(p<0.05),indicating that the specific metabolic patterns has a positive impact on the health and longevity of the centenarians from Bama.The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between dietary fiber intake and butyric acid contents in feces,and the correlation coefficient was highest(r=0.896,p<0.01).The contents of acetic acid,propionic acid,isobutyric acid,valeric acid,total short chain fatty acids and total bile acids were also positively associated with dietary fiber intake(p<0.01).Besides,the contents of phenol in urine were negatively associated with the intake of dietary fiber(p<0.01).Additionally,the contents of ammonia,p-cresol,uric acid and urea in urine were also negatively associated with the dietary fiber intake.It is therefore concluded that an appropriate increase of dietary fibers in a daily diet is a path toward the formation of the longevity phenomenon.The element contents in nails of the four groups were determined using ICP-MS.The results showed that the contents of Mn,Fe,Co,Zn and Se in nails of the centenarians were significantly higher(p<0.05),and the content of Pb in nails of the centenarians was significantly lower(p<0.05),which may have a positive influence on the health and longevity of the centenarians from Bama.The further correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the Co,Sr and Ni concentrations in nails of the elderly people and those in drinking water(p<0.05).This indicated that drinking water was an important source of Co,Sr and Ni in the elderly people.Additionally,the correlation analysis showed that Mn contents in nails were significantly associated with the intake of energy,protein,fat,dietary fiber,cholesterol,vitamin A,thiamine,nicotinic acid,sodium,magnesium,zinc and selenium(p<0.05).Fe contents in nails were significantly associated with the intake of energy,vitamin A,nicotinic acid and sodium(p<0.05).Co contents in nails were significantly associated with the intake of energy,dietary fiber,cholesterol,vitamin A,thiamine,nicotinic acid,sodium and magnesium(p<0.05).There were significant positive correlations between Se contents in nails and the intake of vitamin E and phosphorus(p<0.05).The comprehensive influence and synergistic effect of the metabolites related to diet and element levels in nails on the health and longevity were investigated.PLS-DA was used to perform pattern recognition.The classification model of the three groups,including the centenarians from Bama,the elderly people aged 80-99 years from Bama and the elderly people aged 80-99 years from Nanning,was built.The results showed that there were significant differences in metabolites such as short chain fatty acids,total bile acids,phenol,p-cresol,creatinine,uric acid,urea and ammonia,and element profiles among the three groups.By the PLS-DA model and non-parametric rank sum test,seven characteristic components were identified that were closely related to centenarians from Bama,including acetic acid,total short chain fatty acids,Mn,Co,propionic acid,butyric acid and valeric acid.The concentrations of these characteristic components in the centenarians were significantly higher(p<0.05).In comprehensive consideration of the important physiological functions of these characteristic components,the specific metabolic pattern of the centenarians from Bama should have an important and positive influence on the health and longevity. |
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