| Spatial interaction is one of the specific research phenomenon in human geography.The article uncovers spatial interaction and its variation of inter-urban and intra-urban in different years from the perspective of various administrative divisions based on passenger transportation data.First we analyze the parameters of interaction Gravity model like input and output scale,intensity of interaction,distance.Then we study the relationship of interaction and distance.Last we use different distance functions by fitting the Gravity model and find out the coefficient of friction.Hope to provide a reference for other studies.We extract nationwide inter-urban stations of road,railway and civil aviation passenger transportation in China from Internet that covers hundreds of millions lines within 342 cities and 2294 counties to analyze the underlying patterns of spatial interactions and its variation.Then we extract intra-urban stations of bus systems in 2013 and 2016 from Internet that also covers hundreds of millions lines within 202 cities to analyze the underlying patterns of spatial interactions and its variation.The conclusions are as follow:(1)The spatial distribution of the stations like road,railway,and civil aviation passenger transportation are both restrict by the law of population distribution.The stations in the east area of "Hu Line" covering a deeper and wider range than the west area of "Hu Line".The Impact of the law of population distribution on the station distributions of road passenger transportation are greater than railway,also greater than civil Aviation.The density distribution of county units are very similar to the same the level population density of China.The bus stations of intra-urban in each city are mainly located along the road,and affected by the law of population distribution similarly.The urban suburbs have more stations than other area,and generate the high-value gathering area around the core region of city.Density distribution is not the same,high-density areas in the city is located in the central city and suburban county seats.The small and medium-sized cities are located in the central area of the city,and decreasing from the central area to the periphery.(2)The inter-urban spatial pattern of the input and output scale in different geography units.The eastern coastal area is generally larger than the inland provinces under the road passenger transportation.The city group of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta formed an "axis-spoke" network with the central cities.Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city group is formed a "pole and axis system" distribution along the road based on Beijing-Tianjin.The high-value input and output scale in different units based on railway passenger transportation are along the "four vertical and four horizontal" railway lines.The input and output scale of civil aviation generate a significant phenomenon of spatial polarization,and the "peak" appears in the big city,and its periphery has a large-scale low-value gathering.Comparing the different type of passenger transportation in the same year.The northern cities have developed railway transportation,and the southern cities have developed road transportation.Comparing the same type of passenger transportation in different year,the increase value of units are diminished from southeastern to northwestern based on the road passenger transportation in the past three years.The scale of the railway passenger transportation in the big cities and the railway hub are increased.The civil aviation passenger transportation in the past 7 years has increased in the municipalities and provincial capital cities.In intra-urban,the big cities have large scales in suburbs surrounding the core region.Small and medium-sized cities have large scales in the core region.The input scale is very similar to the output scale.Specific,different city has shown different distribution.The addition size of the urban suburbs is generally greater than the urban area,and the addition size of large cities is generally greater than the small cities.(3)The interaction between prefecture level units based on road passenger transportation show a radial pattern in the 2 year.And it mainly present 3 basic patterns.The first is take the provincial capital as center,radiate to the surrounding small and medium-sized city.The second is the regional dual-core city "pole-axis"type of space pattern,and there is a strong interaction between the dual-core.The third is the central city and the rest of the city which have a greater scale formed an"axis-spoke" network.Compare the interaction of 2016 to 2013,the long-distance interaction has increased,and the intensity of short-distance interaction has been enhanced.The railway passenger transportation has a strong line of interaction among cities with railway lines.The civil aviation passenger transportation is mainly formed a "diamond" structure around "Beijing,Tianjin-Shanghai,Nanjing,Hangzhou-Guangzhou,Shenzhen-Chongqing,Chengdu".The interaction of intra-urban in 202 cities form 3 distribution similarly.First mode presents an "axis-spoke" network,that is,the main urban area and the suburban counties are high-value agglomeration areas,and among them there formed different intensity of interactions.The second model presents a "pole and axis" type of spatial pattern.One of the high intensity of interaction is located in the main city,and the other is located in the high-tech development zone or urban new area.The intensity between them is also strong.It distributed along the high-grade road.The third mode high-value townships are mainly agglomeration in core region in small cities,and descending from core region to the periphery.(4)The distance of interaction in inter-urban cities are governed by a power law or exponential distribution based on road passenger transportation.The distance of interaction are governed by an exponential distribution based on railway passenger transportation.The distance of interaction are governed by a Gaussian distribution based on civil aviation passenger transportation.The friction like money and time are impact on distance too.It shows a linear relationship.The increase of distance leads to the increase of the corresponding friction.In the two years,the distance of interaction in intra-urban cities are governed by a power law distribution.However,different city shows different distribution curves.Same city in different year may also show different distribution curves.(5)Spatial interaction intensity changes with distance,that is the distance decay phenomenon.Specific,the intensity of interaction increase with the distance changes,and arrive a peak then reduction.The peak value is not equal in same year of the different geography units based on the same passenger transportation.But the peak value is same in the different year of same geography units based on the same passenger transportation.And the peak value is also same in same year of the same geography units based on the different passenger transportation.When the spatial scale rises to the prefecture level unit,the peak is 2 times corresponds to the county and station unit(50km),appearance at about 100km.The law of intra-urban interaction intensity changes with distance about 202 cities is same with inter-urban,with the scale of the peak corresponding to the distance of about 0.9km(station level)and 6.4km(township level).(6)By fitting the Gravity model of interaction based on road and railway passenger transportation,the distance function take exponential or power function is more suitable in inter-urban.Based on the road passenger transportation,when the distance function is exponential function,the:friction coefficient is 7.2 ± 0.3,10.8 ±0.4 in 2013 and 2016 respectively.And when the distance function is power function,the friction coefficient is 0.6 ± 0.1(station level),1 ± 0.1(geography unit).Based on the railway passenger transportation,when the distance function is exponential function,the friction coefficient is 3.3 ± 0.4,3.1± 0.5 in 2013 and 2016.And when the function is a power function,the friction coefficient is 0.5,0.9 respectively.The distance function take power function is more suitable in intra-urban.By fitting the Gravity model of interaction,the friction coefficient is 1.2 ± 0.1(township level)and 0.6 ± 0.1(station level). |
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