Phanctypic Polymorphism And Melecnlar Ecoiogy Genetios Of Common Eheanontin China

Species adapt to environment through gradual variation.Small phenotype change can bring more fitness than huge variation.Is species evolution gradual or discontinuous variation,or coevolution with covariations?Phenotypic plasticity is the change in the expressed phenotype of a genotype as a function of the environment.For the special case of a linear reaction norm,genetic variation can be partitioned into portions that are independent and dependent on the environment.Population characteristics are determined by phenotype and genetype.Our study focused on obtaining the effects of the environment on the process of development by morphology,population genetics and molecular biology methods for(1)to investigate whether the environment establishes the relationship between the phenotype of an individual and fitness;(2)To discover environment interacts with the genetic diversity and play a role in determining the genotype;(3)To evaluate common pheasant status in China.Part 1:The 8 common pheasant phenotypic indexes are determined by traditionary morphological measurements,involved by 17 subspeices of 359 individuals(258 males and 101 females)from 41 geographic populations,which are body length,tail length,culmen,rictus,instep and middle jaw.The body length,tail length,culmen,rictus,instep and middle jaw are normal distribution(P>0.05)for male common pheasants,while femal body length and tail length are not normal distribution.Correlation analysis between environmental factors and phenotypic data showed male phenotypes are more Sable to environmental factors than female phenotypes.Common pheasant phenotypes were affected by Altitude and longtitude.Their body length and tail length increased with altitude increasing.Tarsuses are becoming shorter with altitude increasing and stronger wind,but getting longer with environmental temperature rising,which conformed to Allen's rule.Culmen,gape and claw evolved under feeding and digging pressure.Part 2:The 402 Common pheasants from 41 geographic populations were sequenced by mtDNA,pigmentation gene markers.There are 66 Cyt-b haplotypes(45 polymorphism sites),43 MC1R haplotypes(after phased,52 polymorphism sites)and 161 haplotypes(110 polymorphism sites).Correlation analysis between Cyt-b?MC1R?AGRP genetic diversity in common pheasant and environmental factors showed Cyt-b nucleotide diversity are negatively related to altitude(P<0.05),while are positively related to temperature(P<0.01),which indicated common pheasant Cyt-b nucleotide diversity in high altitude is lower than low altitude and getting higher with temperature rising.MC1R nucleotide diversity is significantly negatively related to latitude(P<0.05),which indicated MC1R nucleotide diversity is getting smaller in higher altitude.Agouti gene-related protein is a paracrine signaling molecule that affects pigmentation by antagonism of the melanocortin 1 receptor.The AGRP haplotype diversity is the highest of the three molecular markers and significantly related to all climatic factors(negative to temperature(P<0.01)and sunshine hours and wind speed and positive to precipitation(P<0.01).Nucleotide diversity of AGRP is getting higher with more precipitation and higher temperature.The pigmentation is getting paler with higher altitude and darker with more precipitations and higher temperature based on AGRP and MC1R functions,which conformed to Gloger's rule.Part 3:Phylogenetic trees were separately reconstructed by Cyt-b?MC1R?AGRP haplotypes and morphological data.To some degree,there are a few similar among four trees.There are four common pheasant groups in China including northwestern group,southwestern group,central China group and northeastern group with low branches and high gene flow(Nm>1)and significantly differentiated between populations and groups.Morphological data analysis demonstrated common pheasant phenotypic variations including pigmentation and characters are continuous and indicated common pheasant fitness to diversity ecology is not only determined by genetic variations.Part 4:We discussed common pheasant conservation pattern in China.There are lots of Nms values,which are bigger than 1,between different geographic populations,and lack of apparent phylogenetic tree no matter molecular sequences or morphological data clusters in common pheasant.This result can be partly explained by common pheasants are important in economic system and raised by large-scale farms,which actually threatened common pheasant status in China.Furthermore,common pheasant genetic structures are mixed together among different populations with diverse habitat lost.So it is urgent and necessary to protect common pheasant diverse habitat,make a model common pheasant farm procedure,and strengthen management.