Institutional, Technological Change And Economic Life Of Farmers

Under China’s current rural which new rural construction and rural urbanization construction jointly promote accelerates the transition to the speed of urbanization, the rural original calm, simple, comfortable natural state is completely broken. Rural economic development began to occupy an increasingly important position in the country’s overall development strategy. Compared to today, also the rural social of early People’s Republic of China change drastically in the process. A series of institutional change and technological innovation, within a few years time gradually implemented in rural areas, have had a profound impact, and some are still hard to dismiss.Jinan suburbs around the city and commercial port areas, geographical environment is complex and diverse, climate is continental monsoon type, urban and surrounding areas developed transport and relatively complete all levels of the market structure. In the Republic of China period, the land is lack, use patterns is diverse, and tenancy relationship is complex; In the radiation driven urban economy, agricultural production showing a distinct trend commercialization; the industry and commerce between suburbs and city are closely linked, and farmer part-time phenomenon is highlight, sideline production account for a large proportion of the economic structure; In addition, due to the special geographical advantage in the urban fringe, the production and living standards of jinan suburbs farmers is higher, and farming town phenomenon is obvious.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, under the guidance of the Marxist theory, the states have carried out a series of macro system level adjustment in the rural areas. This transformation process achieve a form of ownership of the rural economy from public ownership to private ownership, realize the shift of the rural economic development mode from the family decentralized management to collective management, but also have a profound influence on the rural social economy and the production and life style of the individual farmer. In the suburbs of Jinan, land reform reconfigured the rural social and economic resources among different sectors, to a certain extent, to achieve a rational flow of factors of production, improve the social middle and lower production and living conditions of farmers, mobilize the most farmers production enthusiasm, narrowed the gap between the rich and poor farmers. But in private ownership and smallholder production system based on traditional forms of agricultural operations is difficult to achieve big step development of agricultural productivity, for which the state has a major change in the relations of production in rural areas, the implementation of the agricultural co-operative movement. Compared to individual farmers often because of the lack of land, tools, livestock and other production factors, thus affect the economic efficiency of agriculture. After the farmers were organized, suburban government can integrate the rural social, economic resources, the allocation of labor, production management, the organization, planning of the production process and other aspects, highlight the advantages of scale, thereby improve labor productivity, increase agricultural production. The traditional China is an agricultural country, the rent and land tax is the basic material and energy sources for the effective operation of the whole country, so the farmers tend to suffer heavy squeeze and exploitation. After the establishment of People’s Republic of China, the rural old unreasonable tax system was gradually abolished, establish a lower tax socialist agricultural system. This shift has greatly reduced the burden on farmers, rationalizing the distribution pattern of the rural economy, providing institutional guarantee for peasants to share the fruits of economic development. In order to cooperate with the implementation of national industrialization strategy, to ensure that the extraction of a large number of agricultural surplus from the rural areas, the state in the system level increased industry and agriculture "price scissors", and carried out the policy of state monopoly for purchase and marketing of agricultural products. The traditional commodity economy developed, the suburbs exist a large number of private traders and individual handicraftsman. In suburbs. After the socialist transformation of Private Industry and Commerce began, the great change of economic structure and development mode of suburban. The individual and private economy of the outskirts rapidly shrinking, the state-run commercial economy began to occupy a dominant position; the commodity exchange mode transform from market economy to planned distribution of economic. Suburban farmers bear some commercial role, gradually replaced by state-run cooperative store clerk and members.In agricultural production technology level, China’s traditional agriculture is mainly a continuation of previous experience and through inheritance accumulated production activities to develop production, made the technology updates slow, conservative, technology promotion narrow, resulted in overall agricultural production levels behind. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, along with the enhancement of control of rural society, the suburbs of Ji’nan started to transform the traditional and backward production mode of transmission, introduced and promoted modern agricultural production technology, and achieved good social and economic effect. The construction of farmland irrigation and water conservancy, repaired old water conservancy facilities, built a large number of water conservancy projects. By ditching the diversion canal, dredge rivers, deep water well, improved irrigation technology, water conservancy facilities and other additions, improve the irrigation area and irrigation frequency, reducing the impact of floods and droughts on the outskirts of agricultural production. On the improvement of farm tools, equipment, transformation of the old equipment, the introduction of a large number of new tools, expand the cultivation of vegetables protection equipment, bought a tractor, water pump, a threshing machine, harvesters and other power machinery, which greatly improve the modernization and mechanization level of agricultural production of suburbs. Farming technology improvements, introduced advanced farming technology in rural areas, promoted cultivator and deep plowing, promote small rake, rake and other scientific farmland care technologies. On the aspects of improved crop varieties, the government of Jinan suburbs promote good varieties and the crop, organize farmers to carry out field selection of crop varieties, and gradually establish a breeding system, which favorable to the promotion of crop upgrading, optimize the quality, improve the agricultural production. Promotion of crop density planting, which improve the fine and intensive level of the agricultural production of jinan suburbs, achieve the maximization the use of natural fertility of the land. In the prevention and treatment of diseases and insect pests, and the traditional manual mode to play catch gradually developed into seed dressing, spray applied to fight and other measures, which effectively reducing the impact of pests on crop yield. Meanwhile, the suburbs also have established various kinds of organizations of agricultural technology promotion, training agricultural personnel, in order to promote the scientific level of agricultural production. With the above implementation of many agricultural improvements, which effectively promote the economic development of the suburbs of Jinan, the crop yield and quality, the application and promotion of the advanced agricultural technology and other aspects has a significant performance.The economic life level of individual peasant, the structure of revenue and expenditure of the farms, the balance of payments, and the changes of the amount of rural economic, which are an important index to measure the level of economic development in rural areas. The early days of the People’s Republic of China, in Jinan suburbs, along with the macro-level policy and institutional change, as well as micro-level technological innovation, coupled with the improvement of farmers’ enthusiasm for production, yields and production of crops emerged rise, a significant increase in agricultural income of farmers. This provides basic material guarantee, for the improvement of living standards of farmers.In the recovery period of national economy, thanks to the smooth economic exchanges between urban and rural areas, as well as the policy of the national tolerant economic, which farmer sideline production in Jinan suburbs also experienced a period of prosperity and farmers income structure optimization. When the three socialist transformation started, the degree of market freedom began to be restricted, private business accepted socialist transformation, state-owned commercial institutions generally set up in rural areas, caused a sharp reduction in the types and quantities of farmers sideline. Although the farm’s total revenue is increasing, but the sideline production accounts for the proportion of income structure is gradually declining, the income structure of farmers towards a single development. Because the general increase in the production of agricultural and sideline income, living standards of farmers have been significantly improved. Clothing, food, housing, transportation, fuel and other aspects of consumer spending increases every year, consumption patterns showing a diverse, and many rural farmers also began to pursue the spiritual and cultural aspects of consumption, purchase of cultural and entertainment facilities. But from the macro-economic situation, the level of social and economic development in general underperformed, after the founding of People’s Republic of China, the living standards of farmers in jinan suburbs if the Engel coefficient to measure is still in poverty. And Compared with the workers’ living standards greatly improved, the gap of revenue and expenditure between the two is growing.After the founding of People’s Republic of China, the state power has begun to penetrate the rural, and deeply affected the daily socio-economic activities of farmers, the original social stratification formed a strong impact. In the role of land reform and agricultural co-operative movement, social and economic resources in rural areas began to be reconfigured according to the intention of the state, socio-economic status of farmers among the various sectors have begun to change at the same. From the perspective of Changes in different sectors of farmers, changes in land reform period is the most intense, but the gradual implementation of agricultural co-operation, government began to increase penetration of economic activity, the possibility of changes in levels among farmers growing low.Judge a country or region is in good state of development, an important measure is to observe how all kinds of social factors flow. In the earlier years of People’s Republic of China, a series of institutional reform and technical improvement activities to promote, the suburbs of Ji’nan achieve a reasonable flow between the various social economic factors of production, for the future social and economic development which has injected vitality and laid an essential prerequisite.