Shangluo In Southern Shaanxi Hakka Dialect Island Research

Shangluo is located in the southeast of Shaanxi and the south of Qinling.Its topographic structure is very complicated, so it is named "eight mountain one river one field", where some Hakka villages sit. Basically these Hakka people immigrated from Guangdong province in the early Qing Dynasty. They have ever lived here for two hundred or three hundred years,and most Hakka people have ever multiplied more than ten generations. Commendablely these Hakka people can still speak Hakka dialect fluently,which is named as "Guangdong dialect" by the local people.However, because of contacting with the local dialects chronically,Shangluo Hakka dialect has already changed or is changing now. Some Hakka dialect language features are abrasing or disappearing generally,these precious southern Shaanxi’s Hakka dialects are worth being investigated and researched peremptorily. This paper selects eight Hakka villages as Shangluo Hakka dialect island’s representative spots and makes dependent investigation and research.The research is focused on phonetics and vocabulary,also gives consideration to grammar. It aims for exhibiting the language appearances of Shangluo Hakka dialect.The paper also discusses the evolution laws and language features of Shangluo Hakka dialect from both diachronic and synchronic aspects by comparing with mediaeval Chinese, other Hakka dialects and Shangzhou local language.The1st chapter serves as an introduction.This chapter firstly gives an introduction to Shangluo’s geographical background, the origin and devepment,as well as the general situation of Shangluo’s dialects, and further provides a brief comment about the existing research on Shangluo Hakka dialact, and then gives an introduction to the research’s content,significance and methodology,as well as the standard of choosing representative dialect spots and the interviewers’s situation at last.The2st chapter gives an introduction to Shangluo Hakka’s situation of distribution,origin and development detailedly according to the author’s interviews, which are known currently.The3st chapter selects eight villages,Luowan,Yanping,Chuanming,Xilian, Lanjiawan, Xibeigou,Xiaotai and Anle as representative dialect spots, makes a description of the phonological pattern and shows Shangluo Hakka dialect’s phonetic appearances.The4st chapter sorts out Luowan dialect’s syllabary on the basis of the investigation of words’phonetics and vocabulary,in order to show Luowan dialect’s phonetic appearances roundly.It reserves Hakka dialect’s phonetic features thorouly.The5st chapter maks a comparison between Shangluo Hakka dialect phonetics and mediaeval Chinese phonology from three aspects (initial, final and tone), in order to reveal the phonetics evolution laws from mediaeval times to now and show Shangluo Hakka dialect’s phonetic features.The6st chapter makes a comparison between Shangluo Hakka dialect and other Hakka dialects in the matter of phonetics, in order to inspect Shangluo Hakka dialect’s basic Hakka dialect features and subsequent creative evolution after two hundred or three hundred years in a big context of Hakka dialects.The7st chapter makes a discussion of some Shangluo Hakka dialect’s phonetic changes. Due to the chronical influences of the local language and mandarin, some mixed features have already occurred in Shangluo Hakka dialect to a certain extent.Many changed phonetic phenomena showed up due to the influences of the local language obviously.This chapter selects ten changed phonetic phenomena of initial, final and tone and makes a discussion,in order to reveal the diachronic reasons of forming Shangluo Hakka dialect phonetic features and forecast its evolution directions in the future.The8st chapter presents a research on Shangluo Hakka dialect’s vocabulary.This chapter does a a survey for one thousand and six hundred words’s parlances in the eight Shangluo Hakka dialects, then the author makes a comparison between those dialects. The results show that the coherence in the Shangluo Hakka dialects’vocabulary is very strong.The author then makes a comparison between Shangluo Hakka dialects (Luowan,Xiaotai),Guangdong Hakka dialects(Wuhua,Heyuan,Meixian), and the local dialects(Shangzhou,Xi’an),in order to inspect the mixed property of Shangluo Hakka dialects’ vocabulary. The results show that Shangluo Hakka dialects’ vocabulary mainly derives from the inheritance of Guangdong Hakka dialects and the osmosis of Shangzhou local language,and the vocabulary evolution showes an imbalance feature in Shangluo Hakka dialects.The9st chapter makes a brief introduction to Shangluo Hakka dialect’s grammar features, describes and introduces some grammar phenomena bearing Hakka dialect’s features.Due to the vague grammar differences, the paper emphases on description and introduction of Luowan Hakka dialect, simultaneously points out some special grammar phenomena in other Shangluo Hakka dialects as well.In the end the chapter makes a list of seventy grammar example sentence expresses of Luowan dialect.