Chiang Process Before And After The War Mongolia Issue

This paper studies Chiang Kai-shek’analysis and decision making process of the evolving problems of the autonomy of Inner Mongolia and independence of Outer Mongolia under the background of the imperialist aggression before and after the anti-Japanese war, analyses the decisive influence of imperialist aggression on the problem of Mongolia, discusses the decisive effect of Chiang Kai-shek’nationalist struggle on the treatment of domestic ethnic problems includes the of problem of Mongolia.The paper is divided into five parts. Introduction discusses the significance of the topic, and describes the current situation of the topic, sources of data as well as essentials of the paper.Chapter1describes the Chiang Kai-shek’s analysis of the strategic position and environment of Inner Mongolia under the background of the Japanese aggression before the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, and the Inner Mongolia policy centered on administrative integration reform of mainland and frontier; it analyzes the origin and process of the high-degree autonomous movement in Inner Mongolia and the Japanese intervention and manipulation. This chapter also discusses Chiang Kai-shek’countermeasures of the autonomous movement and his boycott of Japanese intervention and manipulation; it introduces Chiang Kai-shek’s instigation of the puppet regime in Inner Mongolia and fighting for the people of Inner Mongolia during the war.After the establishment of the National Government, Rehe-chahar-suiyuan region has become three provinces from the perspective of integrated administrative system of the mainland and frontier. In order to specify the status of the Confederate flag and its relationship with provinces and counties, after the September18th Incident, the national government announced a revised Mongolia Union Banner Organizations to retain the system of the Mongolian Banners. Represented by De king, some Mongolian nobilities, tempted by Japanese invaders, colluded with these invaders while required the National Government to give them high autonomous right on the other hand in the crucial period of Chinese nation. Two autonomous meetings were held in July and October of1933in Bailing Temple. On February28,1934, the KMT Central Political Council discussed and passed the "Principle of Mongolian Autonomy", which approved Inner Mongolia to implement a unified local autonomy of the Confederate flag. Chiang Kai-shek played a decisive role in this.While planning the "autonomy of north China", Japanese imperialism also stepped up planning the "independence" of Inner Mongolia. On May12,1936, De King established a pseudo-military government of Mongolia in Huade and conducted the political conversion. Regarding the intervention and manipulation conducted by Japan of the autonomy of Inner Mongolia, the policy of Chiang Kai-shek was tolerance in the beginning, and then the policy changed to compete with the Japan to control and influence the nobilities of Inner Mongolia and finally, it became to resist and resolutely fight back. After the outbreak of the comprehensive anti-Japanese war, the pseudo-military government of Mongolia evolved into Mongolian Autonomous Government, which has become the puppet’regime of the Japanese invaders. Chiang Kai-shek deployed a series actions to incite defections from De King and other puppet regime leaders and pseudo-Mongolian army to maintain his influence on the Inner Mongolia enemy-occupied areas.Chapter2describes the Soviet military occupation of the Middle and Eastern of Inner Mongolia at the beginning of the victory of the anti-Japanese war, analyzes the merger movement of Inner and Outer Mongolia and the condition of independence movement in Inner Mongolia covered by Soviet forces, as well as containment measures imposed by Communist and KMT. Then this chapter discusses the development trends of Inner Mongolia Autonomous movement in post-war Kuomintang-controlled areas and the liberated areas as well as the government of Chiang Kai-shek’s attitude and countermeasures of Inner Mongolia autonomy and analyzes the nature and root of Inner Mongolia autonomous movement liberated areas labeling Chiang Kai-shek as Han chauvinism.After the end of the war, the northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia have been occupied by the Soviet forces. Eastern and middle Inner Mongolia sprang up the combination of Inner and Outer Mongolia, and after rejected by the Soviet Union, it evolved into the independent movement in Inner Mongolia. But after the negotiation by the Communist party and KMT respectively with the Soviet Union, it has died down and changed to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous movement.At the beginning of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek held a view concerning Inner Mongolia that Mongols in the Inner Mongolia belong to the ethnic groups within the provinces and they are equal politically and legally; Inner Mongolia is a place where Mongols and Han people live together and cannot engage in a high" degree of autonomy. Since then, his attitude changed repeatedly along with the Civil War, mainly based on the need of anti-Soviet and anti-Communist. After the war, the CPC advocates to carry civil self-government inliberated areas and to carry civil self-government with ethnic characteristics in Inner Mongolia. This has become the basis of the establishment pf Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government. On April3,1946, a meeting was held in Chengde to address the issue of reunification of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement, and confirmed that the Inner Mongolia region would implement a unified ethnic regional autonomy under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. The policy of Inner Mongolia ethnic Movement is equal autonomy instead of independent autonomy. On May1,1947, the autonomous government of Inner Mongolia was established. CPC Central Committee defines it as the "ethnic and local high degree of autonomy".Chiang Kai-shek believes that the Inner Mongolia autonomous movement in liberated area is a puppet drama directed by the CPSU and the CPC essentially. Therefore, from his perspective, the so called Inner Mongolia independent problems or the combination of the inner and outer Mongolia are the issues of Soviet Union, which can be addressed with the solution of the reception of northeast China; the so-called Inner Mongolia autonomous problem in liberated area is the issue of the CPC actually, which can be addressed with the solution of problems of the CPC. However, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement in liberated area criticizes Chiang Kai-shek’s Han chauvinism. The so-called Chiang Kai-shek’s Han chauvinism mainly refers to the Chiang Kai-shek’s autocratic rule. For Mongols, the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek, a Han, towards Mongols is Han chauvinism. However, the ethnic policy of the CPC carried out in Inner Mongolia derived from Chiang Kai-shek’s slogan of "ethnic equality, democracy and freedom", and later developed into the " ethnic equality, democracy and autonomy", therefore, it is t considered to be anti-Han chauvinism.Chapter3analyzes the origin and causes of the problem of Outer Mongolia, and Chiang Kai-shek’s long-term concern and putting it aside with frustration on Outer Mongolia problems; it introduces how the issue of Mongolia becomes an international issue and discusses the clash in Sino-Soviet negotiation concerning the issue of Outer Mongolia and makes an analysis of Chiang Kai-shek’s consideration and decision making of giving up Outer Mongolia, and also explores Chiang Kai-shek’s facts and grounds of his justification and regret of dealing with Mongolia.In the Yalta Conference on the eve of victory, Soviet Union, USA and the UK signed a secret treaty. In order to gain the support of the Soviet Union in fighting against Japan, the treaty put China’s sovereign interests as a bargaining chip, including maintaining the status quo in the Outer Mongolia. Chiang Kai-shek had no courage to refuse the Yalta secret treaty, the United States and the Soviet Union, especially the latter supported Chiang Kai-shek’s personal leadership, which has played a decisive role in promoting Chiang Kai-shek to finally accept Yalta secret treaty.In the following Sino-Soviet negotiations, the outer Mongolia has become the focus. And after repeated discussion and debate, Chiang Kai-shek made a decision to accept the requirements of the Soviet Union and hold a referendum on independence after the war in the Outer Mongolia, and China would recognize the referendum results on the condition that the Soviet Union should respect the intact sovereign territory and administrative right of northeast China and should not support the turmoil of CPC and Xinjiang area. China declared that it would recognize Outer Mongolia referendum results on independence in the attachment on The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. After the referendum carried out, Outer Mongolia was recognized by the Chinese government as an independent country. Chiang Kai-shek once justified is recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia, but he regretted to do so through profound meditation after his retreat to Taiwan, therefore, he abolished The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and its attachments as well as the acknowledge of Outer Mongolia being independent.The conclusion discusses the difficulties of China’s integrating ethnic minorities in frontier regions under the powerful neighbors before the victory of anti-Japanese war and introduces Chiang Kai-shek’s analysis and countermeasures of China’s severe international and frontier situation before the victory of anti-Japanese war. This part discusses the change of international and domestic situation in China after the victory of the anti-Japanese war and the new opportunities to ethnic integration in frontier regions brought by the rise of the CCP and its ruling and introduces the outcome of Mongolian issues after the ruling of the CCP, and objectively evaluate Chiang Kai-shek’s treatment on the question of Mongolia. Also, the reference and inheritance of the CCP’s ethnic theory and policy on Chiang Kai-shek’s ethnic thought and policy and the differences between the two are discussed.