| Mass Uprising is a major social problem in modern China. In the period of social transition of the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, Mass Uprising is reflected by the abnormal operating state of the whole society, to some extent, it was also caused by the pain in the evolvement from tradition to modern. The country Mass Uprising in Jiangsu province is just a typical epitome. The general picture, how it occurred, forestalling and controlling mechanism of the government, the social effects of the uprising in rural Jiangsu province in the late Qing Dynasty and early period of the Republic of China of country mass uprising has been investigated through a multidimensional and interdisciplinary study, the operation and evolution of social system will be reviewed.The Country Mass Uprising in Jiang-Su Province in that transitional period has multiple features. In the time distribution, it has the feature of frequency and assembly, while in the spatial distribution, it is widespread and regional. The phenomenon in Southern Jiangsu Province is more obvious than the northern one, and Song-jiang Prefecture is much higher than the other; in Mass Uprising type, it is with the feature of tradition and modernity; in scale, it is collective and violent; in the skeleton of participants, it is complex and backward; in the manner of action, it is somewhat organized and anonymous.Due to such environmental conditions as massive and widespread lakes and rivers, frequent flood, and besides, convenient land and water transportation reduced the cost of the Mass Uprising, while increased the disposal cost of government, which are easy to bring about the occurrence of Mass Uprising in Jiangsu Province. The condition of more people and less land provides collective action with large enough population. Rural backward education and worship of Supernatural Beings and Eight Characters impelled the thoughts of Villagers to resist the Modernization Reform. In the face of Multiple structural pressure, for example, the income of the villagers is single, the land is highly concentrated, Anti-risk Ability is low, these forced the villagers have to be drifted with the tide of the market. With the bandits everywhere and successive disaster of war, the civilian couldn’t live. The lower class scornfully lived in the name of the poor, the peasants, Subei People, and those migrants were forced to adopt unconventional way to achieve their purposes. Because the actual results of the villagers were against their psychological expectations, these came into being the confrontational moods and revenge action as hostelling the Government, the gentry and the rich, and the idea that benefits could be obtained by the struggle was motivated in the process of mass behavior, and the villages are easy to sink into the Collective Unconsciousness, in the end, their unbalanced social psychology might trigger social turbulence. The environmental conditions, Structural stress, and their social psychology interacted with each other and continuously acted, all of these favored the Mass Uprising. Ultimately, in the situation of the high prices, collecting rents, modernization reform, natural disasters and rumors, the Mass Uprising emerged one after another. Rice disturbance was determined by the rising or falling of rice prices and its interannual fluctuations together. In Jiangsu, because of higher commercialization, man-made famine was very easy to happen, and periodically attacked and initiated mass panic. Levying taxes is often the focus of the contradictions between the officials and the civilians. The government, the landlord and the Villagers had conflicted on agricultural products, and these forced the mandatory levies more and more obvious. Owing to the government’s key role, it became the object which the villagers hoped to get help and the target which the villagers attacked. Serious natural disasters caused huge losses of lives and property, famine victims emerged in large numbers, declaration of famine came in a continuous stream. In hunger and cold, the Villagers had to break through the bondage of social norms. Public crisis which originated in the natural disasters provided the foundation for the uprising. The old and new contradictions intensively broke out in the process of modernization transformation, the Qing Government was difficult to solve, the Beijing Government of the Republic of china is caught unprepared. When the villagers are alarmed and confused, the rumors are generally acceptable. By going into hysterics, the villagers brought temporary respite from anxiety.Based on the development of the cause and the situation of the Mass Uprising, the government had taken the corresponding disposal measures by means of economy, politics. To tame rice prices, the government raised money to buy rice, prohibited to smuggle rice grain and to crack down on hoarding, restricted food processing; for relieving famine, government had taken urgent relief, work relief, the hungry in the severance, Juan slow, managing disaster, running process; for emergency disposal of the uprising, counseling, education, armed crackdown, carrot and stick, military deterrent, away from capture, contain the rebound, many policy and line, for the hungry and the rabble, primary and be an accomplice under duress, would be treated differently. However, due to the food crisis and profit-seeking of merchants and banned struggle, the rice benefit that is difficult to balance, no relief fund, and hard to purchase, disaster relief personnel corruption and poor be sent off, backward place to try to protect themselves, rescue and relief take temporary solution not effect a permanent cure, made little effect of price regulation and famine relief, the relief work of the government to develop the function of protection, integration and stability could not work. Due to poor power of the rural society and newspaper criticism of public opinion made controlling Mass Uprising of political power could not take effect.Numerous and high frequency of the uprising played a dual role of division and integration in the society. On the one hand, the Mass Uprising denudated ruling foundation of the government, added social unrest, lessen the social wealth, added the villagers’ pain, delayed the modernization of Jiangsu; Mass Uprising, on the other hand, played a social safety valve, released the popular discontent, activated the government rescuing mechanism, and promoted the construction of a new social management system, accelerated the demise of the Qing Dynasty, stimulated the implement of the new system Beijing government, and caused social thinking and attention to the problems of countryside and the Mass Uprising. In the uprising of "destruction" and "establishment", it promoted the metabolism of the social system. |
