| China owns the most abundant bamboo resources in the world, bamboo leaves have manykinds of chemical constituents with biological activity and pharmacological action. Bambooleaves, which is recorded in traditional Chinese medicine books as resources of medicinalplants, have high value of development and utilization. To promote the basic research andcomprehensive utilization of bamboo leaves, chemical components of bamboo leavese werestudied. The compounds from Pleioblastus amarus (keng) keng f. leaves were isolated andidentified, and the antibacterial activity and antitumor activity of some compounds were tested.Components such as flavonoids, coumarins, essential oils, polysaccharides, etc. in the leaves of10bamboo species in Pleioblastus Nakai were compared.The main results were as following:1.16compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of ethanol extracts from P.amarus leaves, the compounds included3phenolic acids,1terpenoid compounds,1coumarincompounds,1phenylpropanoid compounds and10flavonoids.16compounds were identifiedas4-hydroxymethyl-benzaldehyde(1),4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(2),(E)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-enone(3),7-hydroxycoumarin(4), β-coumaric acid(5),4-hydroxy-benzoic acid(6), tricin(7),7-methoxytricin(8), demethyltorosaflavone(9),6-trans-(2’’-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)ethenyl-5,7,3’,4’-tetrahydroxyflavone(10),5,7,3’-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside(11),tricin-7-O-glucoside(12), apigenin-6-C-arabinoside(13), tricin-4’-O-glucoside(14), vitexin(15)and isoorientin-2’’-O-rhamnose(16).16compounds isolated except the compounds4,7and12were isolated from P. amarus leaves for the first time.7flavonoids were identified bycomparing with standards by HPLC.7flavonoids were quercetin(17), luteolin(18),isovitexin(19), orientin(20), isoorientin(21), isovitexin-2’’-O-rhamnose(22) andluteolin-6-C-arabinoside(23). 2. In vitro antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts and some compounds from the P.amarus leaves against Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus subtilis andantitumor activity of5,7,3’-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranosylflavonoside were evaluated. At the concentration of25mg mL-1after24h, the results showedthat β-coumaric acid show strongest in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli andStaphyloccocus aureus, the diameter of inhibition zone were20.23mm and18.35mmrespectively; Fr.3from ethyl acetate extracts show strongest in vitro antibacterial activityagainst Bacillus subtilis, the diameter of inhibition zone was21.05mm. The in vitroantibacterial activity of the entirety of ethyl acetate extracts was stronger than that of petroleumether extracts and n-butanol extracts, the water extracts had no obvious antibacterial effect. Thein vitro antibacterial activity of Fr.3was strongest in8parts of ethyl acetate extracts.The IC50of in vitro antitumor activity of5,7,3’-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside against Hela cells, HepG2cells and HT-29cells were592mg/L,2058mg/L and1712mg/L respectively. The dose of5mg/kg and10mg/kg5,7,3’-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside had invivo antitumor effect on the liver tumours of H22mice with tumor, the inhibition rates were2.9%and20.0%respectively.3. A simple, rapid and accurate HPLC method was developed for simultaneous analysis of13flavonoids in baoboo leaves. The accuracy and precision of the method were good, and thestandard curves of13flavonoids in the corresponding ranges had good linear relation.13flavonoids in the leaves of P. amarus (Keng) Keng f., P. simonii (Carr.) Nakai, P.maculatus (McClure) C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao, P. altiligulatus S. L. Chen et S.Y. Chen, P.yixingensis S. L. Chen et S. Y. Chen, P. amarus (Keng) Keng f. var. pendulifolius S. Y. Chen, P.solidus S. Y. Chen, P. juxianensis Wen, C. Y. Yao et S. Y. Chen, P. maculosoides Wen and P.amarus (Keng) Keng f. var. hangzhouensis S. L. Chen et S. Y. Chen in Pleioblastus Nakai werestudied by HPLC. The results showed that12flavonoids were detected. Isoorientin, orientin,vitexin, isovitexin, tricin-7-O-glucoside, tricin,7-methoxytricin were detected in10bambooleaves. The contents of isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, tricin-7-O-glucoside were high in the10baoboo leaves. The contents of isovitexin in P. maculosoides and tricin-7-O-glucosidein P. maculatus were higher than others, the contents were more than1300mg/kg.4. Coumarins and essential oils in the leaves of10bamboo leaves were studied.(1)6coumarins were detected, P. maculatus leaves had the highest content of skimin of40.66mg/kg, and the content was significantly different from other species (P<0.05). P. simoniileaves had the highest contents of scopoletin and6,7-dimethoxycoumarin of82.20mg/kg and39.68mg/kg, and the contents were significantly different from other species (P<0.05). P.amarus var. hangzhouensis leaves had the highest content of umbelliferone of3.01mg/kg. P.altiligulatus leaves had the highest content of coumarin of15.75mg/kg, and the content wassignificantly different from other species (P<0.05). P. amarus var. pendulifolius leaves had thehighest content of pimpinellin of4.46mg/kg.(2). Essential oils from bamboo leaves of10species of Pleioblastus Nakai were studied.195volatile components were identified. The essential oils had basically the same compoundstypes, but the compounds contents had some differences between species, aldehydes had thehighest relative contents.15common components of essential oils from bamboo leaves of10species were benzaldehyde,2-pentylfuran, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal,1-nonanal,3-Cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde,2,6,6-trimethyl-1,2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde,2,6,6-trimethyl-1-Cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde,4-Hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene,1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, geranylacetone,4-[2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl]-3-Buten-2-one, pentadecane,2-Pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl-, isophytoland (E)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadedcen-1-ol.5. Polysaccharides, protein, chlorophyll and mineral elements in the bamboo leaves of10species of Pleioblastus Nakai were studied.(1) The polysaccharides contents of leaves of test bamboo species were higher than600mg/kg. P. amarus leaves had the highest polysaccharides content of843.29mg/kg.(2) The protein contents of test bamboo leaves were127547.50~182244.02mg/kg. P.amarus leaves had the highest protein content of182244.02mg/kg. (3) The chlorophyll a contents of test bamboo leaves were higher than chlorophyll bcontents. P. simonii had the highest total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a content of3339.24mg/kg and2390.97mg/kg, and the contents were significantly different from otherspecies (P<0.05). P. solidus leaves had the highest chlorophyll b content of949.54mg/kg.(4)19mineral elements were tested, the general trend of elements which had relativelyhigh contents was K＞Ca＞Mg＞Mn＞Fe＞Al＞Na＞Zn. The K contents were8143~12695mg/kg, the Ca contents were5671~16080mg/kg, the Mg and Mn contents werehigher than1000mg/kg, the Fe contents were about300mg/kg, the Al contents were higherthan160mg/kg. Ag was not detected in all test bamboo leaves. Cd was detected only inminority species, and the Cd contents were0.01~0.14mg/kg. The contents of As, Hg and Pbwere relatively low. |
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