| With the development of rice production, China’s rice cultivation ways have gone through many changes.Diversified rice cultivation ways have formed based on the main categories of direct seeding and transplanting. The yield of different rice cultivation ways is of large difference. Compared to the high-yield rice cultivation ways, the yield of low-yielding rice cultivation ways can decrease1/10to1/4. Because of the dual crisis of volatility of domestic rice production and instability of the international grain market, the high and stable yield rice cultivation ways are particularly important for the development of rice production and the safety of grain production. In the past decade or more, with the continuous transfer of rural labor force, hand planting rice, a labor-intensive and high-yield rice cultivation way developed under the background of intensive agriculture, has gradually withdrawn from the main status of rice cultivation ways. However, the direct seeding rice with labor saving but low-yield potential popularized without agricultural extension, and has become a major problem affecting sustainable development of rice production. The area of direct seeding rice in was once close to1/3of the rice acreage in Jiangsu Provinve, one of the main rice-producing provinces in China, which brought a huge risk to the stable development of rice. Compared with the direct seeding rice popularized without agriculture extension, rice transplanting with machine with labor-saving and high-yield characteristic, promoted greatly by government departments, cannot popularize in some regions. Currently, the relevant research mainly focused on the technical level, few research was conducted based on sociology, economics, marketing and other disciplines. In order to reveal diffusion mechanism of rice cultivation ways, provide decision support for government to promote rice cultivation ways and sustainable development of rice production, the four major rice cultivation ways of Jiangsu Province, such as hand planting rice、direct seeding rice, broadcasting seedling rice and rice transplanting with machine, were selected for the object of the study, the diffusion of rice cultivation ways and influencing factors were studied based on a comprehensive analysis perspective of the multi-disciplinary.The concrete research work of this dissertation could be divided into eight chapters as follows: Based on the research background and thoughts in chapter1and the literature review and relevant theory explanations in chapter2, the historical evolution of rice cultivation ways were described, and the occurrence and diffusion mechanism of different rice cultivation ways were analyzed at the macro-middle-micro-scale levels in chapter3. Results were as follows:on the one hand, population pressure, the change of rural labor force structure and the development modes of agriculture, macro-policy-oriented affected the development of rice cultivation ways; On the other hand, the change of rice cultivation technology, advances in cultivation technology and the development of labor-saving and simple rice cultivation ways affected the development of rice cultivation ways as well; In addition, the development of rice cultivation ways was also close related to the farmers’ rice production target under different historical background.In chapter4, the temporal diffusion characteristics and regulations of different rice cultivation ways in Jiangsu Province were studied by using "S" shaped curve theory of technology diffusion, and the development of rice cultivation ways in the next three years in Jiangsu Province was predicted; the spatial diffusion characteristics of different rice cultivation ways of the global and city levels in Jiangsu Province were investigated through using spatial autocorrelation theory. The results showed that:the diffusion of rice transplanting with machine was in accordance with the characteristic of "S" shaped curve, while the diffusion of broadcasting seedling rice and hand planting rice was in accordance with the characteristic of inverted "S" shaped curve. However, the diffusion of direct seeding rice was not in accordance with the characteristic of the "S" shaped curve, and it could be divided into two stages:"S" shaped and inverted "S" shaped curve. From2000to2015, the diffusion of rice cultivation ways in Jiangsu Province could be generally divided into two stages:the diffusion of direct seeding rice replacing hand planting rice(2000～2008) and the diffusion of rice transplanting with machine replacing direct seeding rice(2008～2015). It was estimated that the planting proportion of direct seeding rice in Jiangsu Province in2015would decrease to9.71%, the diffusion proportion of rice transplanting with machine would gradually tend to be60%, the ratio of hand planting rice would drop to22.25%, the proportion of broadcasting seedling rice would remain at about8%. From2008to2012, the spatial agglomeration of rice transplanting with machine was continually strengthened, the spatial agglomeration of direct seeding rice was continually weakened, and the development of direct seedling rice and hand planting rice existed obvious spatial agglomeration, however, the spatial agglomeration of hand planting rice was weakened. From2008to2012, the diffusion central area of rice transplanting with machine transferred from the southern region to the northern region in Jiangsu Province, the city territories of the northern region in the diffusion central area of broadcasting seedling rice increased, and the diffusion central area of direct seeding rice was mainly located in northern and central region of Jiangsu Province, and low-speed diffusion regions were mainly located in southern region of Jiangsu Province, and northern region of Jiangsu Province was still the diffusion central area of hand planting rice.In chapter5, the diffusion of rice cultivation ways of Shanghu Town of Changshu City in Jiangsu Province was exemplified, the rice production profile and the development of rice cultivation ways were combed. On the basis, the diffusion system and diffusion mode of rice cultivation ways, as well as the diffusion mechanism and resistance factors of rice transplanting with machine in Shanghu Town were analyzed. The results showed that:the rice cultivation way in Shanghu Town finally adopt rice transplanting with machine after hand planting rice, broadcasting seedling rice and direct seeding rice. The development of rice transplanting with machine in Shanghu Town was close related to policy, technology, market and resource environment, which was mainly a combination of policy guidance and administrative intervention, such as promoting the scale management of rice transplanting with machine by land transfer, reducing the price of land and technology as well as other production factors by massive subsidy policy, providing power to the spread of rice transplanting with machine by making full use of the natural and social resources. The diffusion mode of rice transplanting with machine in Shanghu Town was composed of a comprehensive extension mode which consisted of government investment, construction of demonstration district, agricultural training, on-site meetings, and the talented demonstration, an operation and management mode which consisted of large household, large-scale operation, farming management, stock co-operative management and other diversified management mode, as well as the comprehensive service-oriented mode which consisted of the promotion department of agricultural technology, agriculture service center and research institutions of the colleges. Market pull, promotion of the government and interaction force were the main driving forces of diffusion mechanism of rice transplanting with machine. The insignificant comparative advantage of rice transplanting with machine, the instable planting quality, and the inadequate straw into field had effect on the spread of rice transplanting with machine. The contradiction between supply and demand in partial market, ultra-scale operation and land fragmentation restricted the spread of rice transplanting with machine. The less development maturity of specialized service organizations, the aging of the labor force market and the lack of young machine operators were the problems needed to be solved for further development of rice transplanting with machine in Shanghu Town; the dislocation of farmers perception on the cost of rice cultivation ways, the psychological cost of converted technique and the dependence of farmers on the technology path affected farmers’ adoption of rice transplanting with machine.In chapter6, the cognitive of production characteristics, the development direction and influencing factors of farmers about rice cultivation ways were studied, mainly based on the visual angle of relating stakeholders including experts and scholars, government departments, agricultural extension workers from grassroots and farmers. The research indicated that there was a big difference in cognitive of the relating stakeholders, farmers were concerned about the simple and efficient rice cultivation ways, and the key factors for their adoption were "time-saving and labor-saving","effective","small investment, low cost" and so on, while agricultural extension workers were more concerned about rice cultivation ways with simple and high-yield characteristics, they believed that the development of rice transplanting with machine was more promising and "farmers’ lack of knowledge" was one of the main factors restricting the development of rice cultivation ways. Experts and scholars had proposed diverse perspectives for the development path of food security, natural ecology and social ecology. The yield of hand planting rice, rice transplanting with machine and direct seeding rice reduced in order under experimental conditions, however, due to the influence of actual production conditions and accurate application degree of cultivation techniques, the yield of different rice cultivation ways showed difference compared to the subjective expectations. Therefore, the differences needed to be concerned and removed during the extension of rice cultivation ways.In chapter7, the peasant survey of farmers, external environment and technology characteristics on the southern, central and northern region of Jiangsu Province was conducted to study the influencing factors of farmers’ adoption behaviors on different rice cultivation ways. The results showed that there was an obvious diversity in adoption behaviors of rice cultivation ways for farmers with different family and external environment characteristics. Farmers tended to adopt labor-saving rice cultivation ways. Whether the rice cultivation way was labor-saving or not had a significant effect on farmers’ adoption of rice cultivation ways. The rice cultivation ways with more labor-saving characteristic could lead to the higher possibility of farmers’ adoption. Farmers’ age, household diversity, productive investment and yield had a significant effect on farmers’ adoption of direct seeding rice. Compared to hand planting rice, farmers with older age and higher degree of household diversity would tend to adopt direct seeding rice; low productive investment was the important reason for farmers to adopt direct seeding rice; low yield had an influence on farmers’ adoption of direct seeding rice. Farmers’ household diversity, rice planting area and information procurability of rice cultivation ways had a significant effect on farmers’ adoption of rice transplanting with machine. The higher degree of household diversity and larger rice planting area could lead to the higher possibility of farmers’ adoption on rice transplanting with machine. Convenient and effective information procurability were the main reason for farmers to adopt rice transplanting with machine. Farmers’ age and household diversity had an obvious influence on the adoption of broadcasting seedling rice. Farmers with older ageand higher degree of household diversity would adopt broadcasting seedling rice more evidently.In chapter8, the policy priorities and the policy suggestions of development of rice cultivation ways in different areas of Jiangsu Province were put forward based on the above results. The suggestions of bridging stakeholders’ cognitive differences and promoting the interests concerted were put forward from the view of promoting the development of rice cultivation ways scientificly. Combined with the development of rice cultivation ways in Shanghu Town, the policy enlightenment of promoting the diffusion of rice transplanting with machine was proposed. |
PDF Full Text Request