The Study Of Driving Decision-making On Characteristics And Influencing Factors

Driving decision-making is a process where drivers make the right driving choices andbehaviors by responding to different traffic situations. It derives from Ergonomics and itsinevitable tools are computers. Accordingly, driving-related problems will be solved throughthe interactive way between human and machine. With the development of CognitivePsychology, the relevant researches have been connected with psychology and became thecentre of traffic psychology in recent years. In the course of studies, the researchers beganto emphasize the role that drivers’ psychological factors played in driving decision-making,and to explore the mechanism on how it works. The most important thing is to figure outwhat psychology can do in improving the driving decision-making ability.This paper explored the feature and influenced factors of decision-making.Study1, the feature of decision-making in Iowa Gambling Task. IGT provides differentscoring criteria, which can reflect the drivers’ tendency of risk during this task, and thereason that affects the consistency of selecting cards.80drivers participated in this task; weanalyzed the feature of China’s drivers decision-making by comparing their scores ofselecting favorable and adverse cards as well as the scores of different groups.Study2, the revision of General Decision-Making Scale. We selected338drivers toanalyze the reliability and validity of revised GDMS through dual-translations, contentanalysis and experts’ evaluation, and to confirm its structure verification and applicationthrough exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis. The purpose is to provide aconvenient tool for studying factors of decision-making, to lay a solid foundation ofdecision-making.Study3, the analysis of factors of decision-making. On the basis of a review of previousstudies, the factors that affect driving decisions are divided into risk perception, emotionalstate and decision-making style. We used eye movement technology to explore theinfluence of risk perception on decision-making, and then we used emotional state scale andGDMS to explore the influence of emotion and decision-making style on decision-making.Finally, we used Logistic regression model to analyze the impact of risk perception, emotionstate and decision-making style, and established models of moderated mediator variables,trying to reveal the mechanism that affected decision-making.Study4, driving improvements in decision-making. The ultimate goal of drivingdecisions are made to improve the driver in driving the process demonstrated danger drivingbehavior. Through the analysis of the before studies, self, we formed a drivers’ riskperception scenario questionnaire, and applicated this questionnaire for different types of driver training for decision-making, in order to offer a way to improve their drivingdecision-making basis for psychological science, and explore the social value of this study.Based on the former discussion and studies, this paper got some conclusions:1The characteristics of China’s drivers’ driving decision-making differs from one toanother; with the increasing of driving experience, female drivers tend to make safetydecisions, which can help to avoid risk perception; novice male drivers’ risk perception ishigher and their decisions are stable; on the contrary, novice female drivers are sensitive tosudden risk and their decisions are affected by emotion.2Revision version of General Decision-Making Scale has good adaptability, and it can beused as a reliable and effective tool to measure drivers’ decision-making. GDMS was dividedinto three dimensions, which are rational style, intuition-impulse style and dependent style.3Relationship between risk perception and driving decision-making is that: riskperception affected drivers’ decision-making by mediated the tasks’ difficulty degree, thedetection time before task and the execution time of decision-making. Its influence andprediction on decision-making indicates that:(1) In the stage of identifying decision-making problems, the processing methods ofthose drivers, who are good at avoiding risk and willing to take risk, are the same, accordingto how to identify the sources of risk. In the tasks of low risk, drivers mainly takeenlightening strategy; in the tasks of high risk, drivers mainly take the principle of “satisfyingthe multi-attribute utility theory”.(2) In the stage of decision-making processing. In the tasks of low risk, Drivers, whoare good at avoiding risk and willing to take risk, have no difference in the aspects ofinformation extraction and processing, their detection time of risk source are the same aswell. In the tasks of high risk, there is no difference between experienced and novice driers,however, novice drivers’(who are willing to take risk) information extraction and processingtime are longer than the experienced drivers.(3) In the stage of implementing decisions, compared to the drivers who are good atavoiding risk, in order to avoid braking or deceleration, the drivers who are willing to takerisk pay more attention to the periphery information of risk source. These results to theirdecision-making time are longer than the former ones.(4) If not considering the risk level of task, the shorter the drivers’ processing time ofrisk source, the longer their time of implementing decisions. This indicates that thesedrivers’ decision-making style is more likely to be risky style.(5) Taking gender and driving experience into consideration, the time that driversspent on risk resource will affect older drivers’ decision-making, while the time ofimplementing decisions will affect female drivers’ decision-making. 4Relationships between emotional state and decision-making is turned out thatpositive and negative emotion has different influence and predication.(1) Emotional State Scale correspond to the requirements of psychology criteria, it hasgood application and can be used as a reliable and effective tool to measure drivers’emotional state.(2) In POMS, the higher the score of positive emotions, the higher the drivers’ willingto take risk. Taking gender and driving experience into consideration, negative emotionmainly affect novice drivers’ decision-making, while positive emotion mainly affect femaledrivers’ decision-making.5Relationships between decision-making style and driving decision-making is turnedout that ational style and intuition-impulse style has different influence and predication.In GDMS, the lower the score of rational style (the higher the score of intuition-impulsestyle), the possibility to take risk are higher. Taking gender and driving experience intoconsideration, rational style mainly affect novice drivers’ decision-making, intuition-impulsestyle mainly affect male drivers’ decision-making, however, dependent style has no influenceon decision-making.6Taking risk perception, emotional state and decision-making style into consideration,the mechanism which affect decision-making is: risk perception (processing time of riskresource, time of implementing decisions) is the most basic aspect of for the entire model,emotional state (positive emotions and negative emotions) changed by physical conditionsand the driving environment, and decision-making style(rational style, intuition and impulsestyle)as a stable behavior, affect driving behavior of each driver by t the consolidated currentfrom the information obtained, combined with previous experience of similar risks.7We formed a drivers’ risk perception scenario questionnaire, it had good reliabilityand validity. According to the three stage of decision-making, we measured drivers’ riskperception from risk detection, risk anticipation and risk reaction. It can reflect thecharacteristics of decision-making by analyzing the scores of the three dimensions. It’sturned out to be a useful tool to evaluate drivers’ risk perception.8The use of drivers’ risk perception scenario questionnaire on driver training canimprove risk capability of the driver.In summary, on the basis of analysis of China drivers’ characteristics of decision-making,this paper, firstly, provided some effective methods and tools to evaluate the relevantfactors of decision-making. Among which, eye movements can be used to measure both theprocess of risk perception and decision-making, the revised version of GeneralDecision-Making Style and Emotional State Scale can be used to measure drivers’decision-making styles and characteristics of their emotional state. Secondly, we established a model, which included risk perception, emotional state and decision-making style, toprovide a more comprehensive theoretical framework to predict decision-making, thusmaking it of great significance. Finally, we formed a drivers’ risk perception questionnaire toimprove drivers’ decision-making. It can not only be used as an effective tool to assessdrivers’ risk perception, but also provide fruitful data to improve decision-making, at thesame time, it can reflect the characteristics of driving decision-making indirectly. Above all,these provided a new perspective to improve drivers’ risk perception and decision-making,which make them have great value.