| Wetlands known as "Earth’s kidney","natural library of species","the life’s cradle","the birthplace of civilization","the paradise of waterfowl", together with forests and oceans, are called the three ecological systems of the earth. Wetlands is natural complex of unique and irreplaceable function, the important strategic resources to guarantee the ecological environment security and social sustainable development of nation and global, can provide a variety of products and services concern for existence and development for human society. The assessment of wetland resources have developed from the qualitative evaluation confined to the wetland characteristics description to the quantitative evaluation adopted mathematical model, which included the research of ecological system value evaluation. A lot of study on the quantitative evaluation of resources assessment and ecological system value was spread out in succession. But recent years, the quantitative evaluation of resources assessment and ecological system value was just unfolding, and the evaluation method and system have yet to be further improved. At the same time, more studies of the resources assessment and ecological system value focused on non-urban natural wetlands, compared with those on urban wetlands and constructed wetlands, so the range of research objects need to be further extended.City is a social-economic-natural complex ecosystem of sophisticated and dynamic ecologi cal process, take human behavior as the leading and rely on natural ecological system. Urban wetland is the core of city’s origin, the most important carrier of city’s history and culture, as well as the center of the modern city, while it is also scarce resources in the city, as well as the source of life and activity. Taking as a kind of special ecological eystem and a distinctive physical geographical element, urban wetland is the irreplaceable important resource and has unique ecosystem service function. Urban wetland provide a number of important ecosystem service function for public life and production, such as material production, water conservation, water purification, leisure tourism, culture and research and education, carbon fixation and oxygen release, energy absorbed by transpiration, habitat, as well as non-use value including existence value, option value and heritage value. But these function and value public were regale on free of charge by public, so were not pay attention on long time. The evaluation resesrch of resources assessment and ecological system value was less on urban wetlands. The study on energy absorbed by transpiration value and non-use value of urban wetland was barely reported at home and abroad.This study applied comprehensively the theory and method of urban ecology, environmental ecology, resources and environmental economics, ecological economics and system engineering, selected3representative and typical urban wetland as research object in the nationwide. The3tested urban wetlands concluded constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan. Resources evaluation and ecosystem services value of urban wetlands was studied systematically, in order to provide referee for the follow-up ecosystem research of urban wetlands, and academic basis for sustainable development of urban wetlands. This study obtained the following progress:(1) The assessment system of urban wetland resources was constructed and the resources evaluation results of the three typical city wetlands:constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were quantified using PSR model, Delphi method and AHP, in order to provide reference for resources assessment research and sustainable protection of city wetlands.(2) The sequencing of the three city wetland resources bases on comprehensive assessment results was:West Lake in Hangzhou> constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park> Yuehu Lake in Wuhan. West Lake has a long history and rich in cultural heritage. Due to the well protection by Hangzhou people of past dynasties, it had rich ecosystem diversity, plant and animal biodiversity, and natural resources, compared to the constructed wetland and Yuehu Lake. Constructed wetland, West Lake and Yuehu Lake, which were incorporated into the city overall planning by Beijing, Hangzhou and Wuhan city, respectively, were planed and constructed specially. The index of implementation of rehabilitation project got higher scores; degradation area ratio of wetland was relatively small; complexity of biological community structure and ecosystem diversity increased.(3) Ecosystem services value of urban wetlands concluded5direct use values including material production value, water conservation value, water purification value, leisure tourism value, the value of culture and research and education, and3indirect use values including the value of carbon fixation and oxygen release, the value of energy absorbed by transpiration, habitat value, as well as non-use value including existence value, option value and heritage value. Ecosystem service value evaluation system of urban wetlands was constructed based on market valuation method, travel cost method, pollution cost method, shadow price method, efficiency alternative method, shadow engineering method, contingent valuation method, and result reference method.(4) According to calculation results, the direct use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was37789.4×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (37774×104yuan/a), accounting for99.959%of direct use value. The indirect use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was94.2×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (82.2×104yuan/a), accounting for87.261%of indirect use value. The non-use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was56855.3×104yuan/a, accounting for60.013%of total value.(5) According to calculation results, the direct use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was7325272.2×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (7315993.1×104yuan/a), accounting for99.873%of direct use value. The indirect use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was13996×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (13864.2×104yuan/a), accounting for99.058%of indirect use value. The non-use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was18587.9×104yuan/a, accounting for0.253%of total value.(6) According to calculation results, the direct use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was8192.4×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (7339.5×104yuan/a), accounting for89.589%of direct use value. The indirect use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was3132.3×10yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (3093.7×10yuan/a), accounting for98.768%of indirect use value. The non-use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was16011.5×104yuan/a, accounting for58.523%of total value.(7) Ecosystem service value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were94738.9×104yuan/a,7357856.1×104yuan/a and27358.3×104yuan/a, respectively. The results showed that the order of ecosystem service value of urban wetlands was West Lake in Hangzhou, constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic Forest Park and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan, which was consistent with the evaluation results of urban wetland resources.(8) The highest value among individual use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was the leisure tourism value, accounting for39.872%,99.431%and26.827%of corresponding ecosystem service value of urban wetland. The following individual use value was the value of energy absorbed by transpiration, accounting for39.872%,99.431%and26.827%. The indirect use value per unit area were little difference among constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan, all in the21.9-22.7×104yuan/hm2·a.(9) The most important influencing factors of ecosystem service value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were the exist of wetlands, the area of wetlands and number of visitors.(10) Urban wetland protection was urgent tobuild continuous city wetland monitoring, evaluation and management mechanism, to further construct urban wetland information system, in order to prevent and control of the wetland pollution and degradation. It is also still needed to combine administrative management, law restricting with market incentive, and at the same time, to improve the public consciousness, strengthen the public participation and encourage the supervision of public opinion.Concerning the research on resources evaluation and ecosystem service value of urban wetlands, the articles put forward some prospect as follows:(1) Based on the collection of a large amount of data and the comparison study for using different evaluation methods, more accurate and more scientific evalution results are hope to obtain.(2) Our country is in the course of high-speed urbanization, the research on urban wetland ecosystem of different regions and different types should pay more and more attention, in order to promote the level of scientific management and the capacity of reasonable utilization of urban wetlands in our country.(3) The evaluation theory, evaluation index system and evaluation method of ecosystem service value should be further research and perfection.(4) The interaction among single ecosystem service function and value of urban wetland should be further study, in order to assess ecosystem service value more accurately. |
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