| After the Southern Song Dynasty was conquered, a large number of officials, scholars,literati, and imperial college students were banished to the North by the Yuan Army. The YuanDynasty hoped these people could cooperate with the new government. Those who refused tosurrender were sent into exile or put under house arrest in the North for a long time, thusforming a special group during that time. This group included the palace staff represented byWang Qinghui, the instrumentalist Wang Yuanliang, the pray envoy represented by JiaXuanweng, the Mountain Group represented by Wen Tianxiang, and those who refused to beemployed represented by Xie Bingde. They remained in the North for a long time； some ofthem returned to the South at last, some died in the North, and some became martyrs, all oftheir special lives showed the history of the perished Song Dynasty. Their life experiencebecame part of the history at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and they were typical of thebanished at the turn of era. That’s why they are called "the banished people of the PerishedSong Dynasty ".The people who were banished to the North during the perished Song Dynasty, withhatred of the national subjugation and sigh for their motherland, created a large number ofexcellent, touching poems. Their writings became the last mournful note for the literature ofthe Song Dynasty, just like Qian Qianyi said,"Because the Song Dynasty was perished, theirpoems became the best." Study of the writings by the banished has academic value fordiscussion of the literature written by the people of the Song Dynasty as well as that of theYuan Dynasty, and for the understanding of the diffusion and influence of the literature of theSong Dynasty.In view of the above, this dissertation attempts to place the banished people of thePerished Song Dynasty in a specific historical and cultural background. On the basis of theoriginal literature data, this dissertation systematically discusses the banished people andissues related to their literary creation. The dissertation combines historical theories anddiffusion research into literary study and employs philological methods such as compilation,textual criticism, collation.This research is composed of four parts； the introduction is followed by Pandect, thenthe Monograph, and the Appendix. There are eight chapters, the details are as follows：Introduction： The study on the banished people of the perished Song Dynasty startedwith the attention to a political augury ballad “Jiangnan Ballad” which was written during thelate Song and the early Yuan Dynasty.“Introduction” is focused on three aspects-the related issues of History of Chinese Ancient Literature, the related issues of studies on the literatureand the specialized study of representative writers and their writings. This paper reorganizesand sums up the previous research findings about the banished people of the perished SongDynasty, and elaborates the researching significance of this field.Pandect： The first chapter “Jiangnan Ballad： the outline of the banished people duringthe perished Song Dynasty”： The first section interprets the text of “Jiangnan Ballad” indifferent document records, attempting to gain an understanding Bo Yan’s outstandingmilitary talents. BoYan, the protagonist in “Jiangnan Ballad”, was the Prime Minister of YuanDynasty. The second, the third,the fourth and the fifth sections respectively summarize thefour groups of the perished Song Dynasty--the group of the pray envoy, the group of thepalace staff, Mountain group and the group of those who refused to be employed, andintroduces the key members from each group.Monograph：The second chapter：“Two concubines： the palace harem’s sorrowfulswan songs”： Zhaoyi Wang (Qing Hui) and Beauty Zhu were two concubines whose writingwere circulated. The first section “Man Jiang Hong： Zhaoyi Wang’s eternal writing”, tellsabout Wang Qinghui’s lifetime, interprets Wang Qinghui’s “Man Jiang Hong”, analyzes thepoetry written by Wen Tianxiang, Deng Guangjian and Wang Yuanliang, and explores thediffusion of Wang Qinghui’s writing “Man Jiang Hong” by the Song people； it also analyzesthe poetry written by Wu Bentai, Peng Sunyi, Wang Jipeng, discusses the acceptance anddissemination of Wang Qinghui’s “Man Jiang Hong” in the late Ming and early Qing. One ofWang Qinghui’s words “Sui Yuan Que” was satirized by Wen Tianxiang, which drawsattention and ignites controversy of the later critics. With consideration of the historical facts,this dissertation will give an objective evaluation of controversial issues.The second section “The poetry in the sleeve： Beauty Zhu’s duteous swan song”：combining the historical facts, this section discusses and further interprets “The poetry in thesleeve” written by Beauty Zhu. After investigating the life of later recipients such as TaoZongyi, Liu Chenweng, Liu Linrui, Wang Feng, members of the gentry stratum who praisedBeauty Zhu’s defense of her own chastity at the cost of life, the writing reflects the writer’spursuit and admiration of the Confucianism values.The third chapter “Jia Xuanweng： Be entrusted with a mission with the feelings ofhis country was perished"： Jia Xuanweng was a famous scholar-bureaucrat during theSouthern Song Dynasty. He was entrusted to be a pray envoy to the North When the SongDynasty was conquered. But he was put in jail in Hejian for nineteen years and luckily hereturned to the South at last. The first section studies on Jia Xuanweng’s family lineage-hisfather was an official in the Southern Song Dynasty； he worked for Emperor Li, and hisideas spread. His brother Zuren was good at “Yi”. He didn’t want to be an official and lived in solitude in Yuan Dynasty. The second section discusses Jia Xuanweng’s biography which wasdivided into three parts： before Song was conquered, he was banished to Hejian and hereturned to the South. The third section further interprets “Ze Tang Ji”, and discusses JiaXuanweng’s writings which reflect his feelings of the perished country and the sigh of hismotherland.The fourth chapter：“Jia Xuanweng：The acceptance and dissemination during theYuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties”： The first section discusses the acceptance anddissemination of Jia Xuanweng by the writer group in Wuzhou represented by Zhang Shu, DuBen, Liu Guan and Wu Shidao. Jia Xuanweng’s verve and magnificent sentiment had a stronginfluence on them. Also, this group of writers not only emphasized Confucianism but alsoyearned for loyalty and integrity. The second section explores the acceptance of Jia Xuanwengduring the Ming Dynasty. Qu You’s “Gui Tian Shi Hua” and his readers were one of thetransmit channels for Jia Xuanweng’s deeds, while the people in the event-"the etiquettecontroversy" such as Yang Shen, An Pan, and officer He Qiaoxin-were the mainrepresentatives of disseminating Jia Xuanweng’s deeds.The third section discusses the acceptance of Jia Xuanweng during the Qing Dynasty.The major recipients of Jia Xuanweng’s deeds represented by He Yisun, Fang Wen were livedin the late Ming Dynasty. Foreign nation’s invasion made them experience the anguish of hisnation being conquered. As the lieges of the late Ming Dynasty, they could better understandJia Xuanweng’s righteous deeds. Scholar Cai Shiyuan estimated Jia Xuanweng ’s writings onthe basis of “Chun Qiu”, he called him "lively", his estimation of Jia Xuanweng wasreferenced to the patriot revolted against the Yuan Army represented by Wen Tianxiang,further improved Jia Xuanweng’s reputation and influence.The fifth chapter “Wang Yuanliang： The aristocracy’s anguish of his nation beingconquered”. Shui Yun Poem has a reputation of "the historical poetry of the perished SongDynasty ", it occupied an important position in the poetry field during the late Song as well asthe early Yuan Dynasty. This dissertation combines specific historical theories during theperished Song Dynasty, the second, the third and the fourth sections made this turn of era as aboundary, Wang Yuanliang’s writings were divided into three stages： His anxious for theSong Dynasty before it was conquered, his hatred of national subjugation and his miss of theperished Song Dynasty, these help to analyze the literary orientation of Wang Yuanliang’swritings. Some of Wang Yuanliang’s writings were very vague, that made the academiausually misunderstand his poetries, such as his poetry "The North troops were stationed inGao Ting" and “Man Jiang Hong”(Wang Zhaoyi’s), this dissertation combines relatedliterature to analyze them. The friendship between Wang Yuanliang and Wen Tianxiang inDadu became a favorite topic, but in the academia pays less attention to this. On the basis of Wang Yuanliang and Wen Tianxiang’s writings, the fourth section in this chapter analyzes thefriendship between Wang Yuanliang and Wen Tianxiang in Dadu.The sixth chapter：“Wang Yuanliang： His dissemination and acceptance during theYuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties”： The first section “The acceptance of Wang Yuanliang bythe lieges of the Song Dynasty”. After Wang Yuanliang returned to the South, his deeds andpoetries are widely spread, and engendered great historic influence. This chapter analyzes thepoetries, prefaces and postscripts written by Liu Chenweng, Zhao Wen, Deng Guangjian andmany other lieges of the song Dynasty, we believe that on the basis of the value of Shui YunPoem, Wang Yuanliang’s loyal character, his excellent instrument technique in art, the liegesof the Southern Song Dynasty showed great respect and praise to Wang Yuanliang.The second Section：“The acceptance of Wang Yuanliang during the Yuan Dynasty”.Wang Yuanliang’s life stride across two dynasties, his latter life was under the control of theYuan government. The acceptance of Wang consists of the lieges in the Southern SongDynasty as well as the grow-ups in the Yuan Dynasty, this shows special characteristicsduring that era. Liu Jiangsun, Huang Yuyan and Wang Yuanliang got on with each other whenWang Yuanliang was alive, they highly praised Wang’s life experience； Wu Lai was on thebasis of Xie Ao’s "Ai Jiangnan Cao", deeply touched by Wang Yuanliang’s hatred of hisnation being conquered； The poet Nai Xian from Semu was deeply moved by WangYuanliang’s special war experiences, it reflects that the influence of Wang Yuanliang hasbroken the national boundaries during the Yuan Dynasty. In addition,"Suichang Za Lu" byZheng Yuanyou and “Farming in Nan Cun”by Tao Zongyi also recorded Wang Yuanliang’swritings, this shows off the feeling of the nation being conquered in Wang Yuanliang’swritings.The third Section “The acceptance of Wang Yuanliang during the Ming Dynasty”. Itrepresents in two aspects： one is Chen Mo drew attention to Wang Yuanliang and hisrecognition of Wang； the other is the records of Wang Yuanliang’s deeds in Qu You’s “GuiTian Shi Hua” and Tian Rucheng’s " The tour of the West Lake". The fourth Section “Theacceptance of Wang Yuanliang during the Qing Dynasty”. During the late Ming and the earlyQing Dynasty, the discovery of "Shui Yun Shi" by Qian Qianyi set the upsurge of publishingand engraving Wang Yuanliang’s poetries during the Qing Dynasty. Both Scholar Pan Lei wholived in the early Qing Dynasty and Scholar Wang Guowei who lived in the late Qing Dynastydid much textual research on Wang Yuanliang’s deeds, Wang Guowei’s attention made historywith the academic research on Wang Yuanliang’s deeds in the twentieth Century.The seventh chapter “Xie Bingde： The last victim’s life elegy"： Xie Bingde was apatriot who was famous for his integrity who took after Wen Tianxiang. When the SongDynasty was conquered, he spent his fortune for the country during a crisis, meanwhile, he led the army to launch a counterattack against the Yuan Army； After the Song Dynasty wastook over, he refused to be employed five times, therefore, he was forced to Dadu, then hewent on a hungry strike, at last he became a martyr, the world admired for his loyalty andintegrity."The analysis of Xie Bingde’s writings about the banished life" is the key point of thischapter. The political event-Xie Bingde was banished to the North–lasted for more than sixmonths, many characters were involved in, it was widely spread all over the country duringthe late Song and the early Yuan Dynasty. His writings about the banished life showed hisprofound thought connotation：(No1.) The writings before he banished："To Cheng XueLou" represents filial piety to mothers,"To prime minister Liu Zhong" shows the loyalty tothe Song Dynasty,"To the Participate Wei Rong" shows the admiration of good behavior；(No.2) The writings at the beginning of his banished, shows Xie Bingde’s highly socialresponsibility；(No.3) The writings during he banished： shows Xie Bingde abided byadmiration of the Confucianism values at the cost of life.The third section "The influence of Xie Bingde refused to be employed and became amartyr at last". When Xie Bingde refused to be employed so he was banished to the North, thewell-known adherents of the Song Dynasty Wang Yi and Chen Jie wrote him a poem to sayfarewell, there were disciples with the antiphon, this event caused a great sensation. XieBingde was martyred after a hungry strike, some famous adherents like Xie Ao, Wang Yi, hisfriend Li Zhongli, his disciple Zhou Yue, follow-villager Hong Guangji all wrote poems orarticles to mourn over his death. All of these show that Xie Bingde had immense impact onthe sociaty at that time.The eighth chapter：“The dissemination and acceptance of Xie Bingde during the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties”. There were many poetries about Xie Bingde’s deeds during theYuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as he queried on the policy in Jiangdong, he led thearmy to launch a counterattack against the Yuan Army, and he refused to be employed at lastbecame a martyr, the world admired for his loyalty and integrity.The first section "The acceptance of Xie Bingde during the Ming Dynasty”. After XieBingde was martyred, Zhou Yingji from Poyang wrote him "Die Shan Gong Xing Shi", thescholar of the Imperial Academy Li Yuan wrote him "Mr. Wen Jie Xie Gong Shen Dao Bei".In addition, both "Yin Ju Tong Yi" written by Liu Xun, and “Qian Tang Yi Shi" written by LiuYiqing recorded the event-Xie Bingde queried on the policy in Jiangdong. Under theinfluence of the family,Gong Su chanted the event--Xie Bingde’s disciple Yu Shaoqing wentto the North to help build ancestral temple. Under the regional influence, Li Cun was with thesigh of Xie Bingde’s last writing, all of these showed the dissemination and acceptance of XieBingde’s deeds in different aspects in the Yuan Dynasty."The copy of Hao Ran Zhai "written by Zhou Yi and " Yin Ju Tong Yi " written by Liu Xun also discussed Xie Bingde queried onthe policy in Jiangdong, however,there was less attention in the academic circles. Thedissertation combines with specific facts and employs philological methods such ascompilation, textual criticism and annotation to explain ten problems on Xie Bingde queriedon the policy in Jiangdong. This discovery has the significant value to Study Xie Bingde’s lifeand his though.The second section "The acceptance of Xie Bingde during the Ming Dynasty”. XieBingde had a considerable influence during the Ming Dynasty： Wang Heng and Hu Yan gavehim a high estimation of his query on the policy in Jiangdong, Zhuang Chang and LiuMingqing also highly praised his deeds which he refused to be employed thus he wasbanished to the North. The Ming dynasty published and engraved “Die Shan Ji” for manytimes, its prefaces and postscripts showed great respect and praise of Xie Bingde’s loyalty andintegrity. The third section "The acceptance of Xie Bingde during the Qing Dynasty”. TheEmperor Qian Long has an opposing point of view of the event-Xie Bingde queried on thepolicy in Jiangdong, it has an enlightening significance to understand Xie Bingde’s character.According to the analysis of Xie Bingde’s life and his writings about he banished to theNorth, we recognized Xie Fangde had a splendid but tragic life, also he had heavy affectionatebut almost blind loyal passion. Both at that time and nowadays the world all worship XieBingde’s spirit. Later generations go on disseminating and promoting Xie Bingde’s loyaltyspirit in order to encourage their ethos. Xie Bingde’s achievement to the later generationsgoes far beyond his value for the Southern Song dynasty.Appendix： No.1： The chronology of the banished to the North during the perishedSong Dynasty. No.2： The literary research on the poetry which were omitted, concealed ormisreceived in Jia Xuanweng’s “Ze Tang Ji. |
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