| Ginseng(the root or rhizome of Panax ginseng, C.A. Meyer) has been a popular herbal remedy used in China, it can combat stress, enhance both the central and immune systems and contribute towards maintaining optimal oxidative status against certain chronic disease states and aging.There are numerous describing the various pharmacologial effects of ginseng, such as the double-response controllerfunction of excitation and inhibition in central nervous system, and enhance the bodu imminity, strengthen the hematopoietic function. As Ginseng and its compound play an important role in prevention of Alzheimers, the amount has creased. Currently, with the virtually disappeared of wild ginseng, it has been listed as the first-class protective plant. Ginseng cultivation methods used in the past was cut down trees before grown ginseng, is hugely destructive for forest resources, made cultivation in flat ground becoming mainstream. Therefore, how to improve the yield and the content of ginsenoside become a focus of attention.In this study, Due to its prevention on Alzheimer’s disease,the prescription in this study was selected from《Jing Yue Quan Shu》-qing Qingxin Kaiqiao prescription, on its active constituent(total saponins, total sugar, total volatile oil) and its mechanism of prevention and cure Alzheimer ’s disease; also studied the effection and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg5 on the Alzheimer’s disease.We draw the following conclusions:1.Selected six ginseng varieties, five origin of ginseng total saponin content genotypes(variety) and genotype by environment interaction reached significant difference or extremely significant level, no significant difference between the environment(origin).Six varieties of ginseng total saponin content in the range of 4.234%-4.722%, poor is 0.478%;Varieties of ginseng total saponin content order: ERMAYA > TAIJI ginseng > red ginseng > neck circle gineng >DAMAYA >white ginseng;Genotype by environment interaction, the selected samples of 30 varieties of ginseng total saponin content in the range of 5.357%-4.153%, poor was 0.225%, the average of 4.489%.2, 11, 23 samples of ginseng total saponin content are more than 30 sample average of 10%.Ginseng total saponin content were all the samples are in line with the GB/T 22533-2008《fresh garden and classification and quality requirements》.2. ginsenoside Rg5 content of genotype, environment and genotype×environment interaction difference were significant or extremely significant.Selected six varieties of ginseng ginsenoside Rg5 content range is 3.219 mg/g-2.464mg/g, poor is 0.235mg/g;Selected six varieties of ginsenoside Rg5 in order are: red ginseng > ERMAYA > TAIJI ginseng > DAMAYA > white ginseng > neck circle gineng;Five origin order ginsenoside Rg5 content was: Fu Song city> linjiang city> dunhua city > ji ’an city > >hunchun city.Genotype by environment interaction, the selected 30 ginseng samples ginsenoside Rg5 content in the range of 3.378 mg/g-2.283mg/g, poor for 0. 324 mg/g, with a mean of 2.683mg/g.No9, 3 and 15 samples of eight ginsenoside Rg5 content such as more than 3mg/g.3. To study the effect of ginseng prescription and saponin on the learning and memory ability and the expression of the the Apoptosis Signal Transtuduetion Molecule、Aβ and βAPP in brain of AD rats. Learning and memory ability of ginseng prescription and saponin groups is improved, the expression of Caspase-3、Aβ and βAPP decreased in the cortex and hippocampus, compared with the model group, the difference is notable. ginseng prescription and saponin may obviously improved in learning and memory ability of rats with AD by decreasing the expression of Caspase-3、Aβ and βAPP in the cortex and hippocampus.4. To study effect of ginseng prescription and polysaccharide on the expression of the Apoptosis Signal Transtuduetion Molecule Caspase-3 and Apoptosis Associated Gens Bax、Bcl-2 in rat models of dementia induced by bilateral injection of beta-amyloid 25-35 in amygdala. Learning and memory ability of ginseng prescription group and volatile oil group were improved,and the expression of GFAP,GFAP、Aβ、βAPPand IL-6 in the cortex of AD rats decreased.5.Compared with comparison group,the difference was notable.ginseng prescription may obviously improve the learning and memory ability of rats with AD by decreasing the expression of GFAP,Aβ、βAPP and IL-6 in the cortex.6.Ginsenoside Rg5 is one effective constituent of total saponins of Panax ginseng(TSPG), which has been found to be beneficial in treating alzheimer’s disease(AD). In the present study, we demonstrated that Rg5 improved cognitive dysfunction and attenuated neuroinflammatory responses in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced memory impaired rats. Cognitive deficits were ameliorated with Rg5(5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment in a dose-dependent manner together with decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in brains of STZ rats. Acetylcholinesterase(ACh E) activity was also significantly reduced by Rg5 whereas choline acetyltransferase(Ch AT) activity was remarkably increased in the cortex and hippocampus of STZ-induced AD rats. In addition, Congo red and immuno histochemistry staining results showed that Rg5 alleviated Aβ deposition but enhanced the expressions of insulin-like growth factors 1(IGF-1) and brain derived neurophic factor(BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that Rg5 increased remarkably BDNF and IGF-1 expressions whereas decreased significantly Aβ deposits. Furthermore, it was observed that the expressions of COX-2 and i NOS were significantly up-regulated in STZ-induced AD rats and down-regulated strongly by Rg5 compared with control rats. These data demonstrated that STZ-induced learning and memory impairments in rats could be improved by Rg5, which was associated with attenuating neuroinflammatory responses.Our findings suggested that The content of ginsenoside Rg5 of different origins and different varieties were significant differences and qing Qingxin Kaiqiao prescription and Ginsenoside Rg5 could be beneficial agents for the treatment of AD. |
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