| In the current society, traditional Chinese medicine resources are one of the major strategic resources. With the increasing confilicts between conservation and the development of these resources, how to expand the resources supply and promote the utility efficiency, and build the sustainable development mode of Chinese medicine resources, these questions have been becoming a key of the surviving and development of traditional Chinese medicine. Polygalae Radix is the common Chinese herb, and this species has been in imminent danger. Chinese Pharmacopoeia listed Polygala tenuifolia Willd.(Polygalaceae) or P. sibirica L. as the quality goods of Polygalae Radix. In folk, the roots of P. japonica Houtt. have been also used the alternatives of Polygalae Radix. In this project, by the methods of Resources Chemistry of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Medicinal Plant Ecology, we evaluated the water-soluble component, liposoluble constituent and inorganic constituent of P. tenuifolia, P. sibirica and P. japonica, analyzed the patterns of geographic distributions of these three components in the roots and overground parts of the three species, investigated the relationships between these three components and production area, climate and edaphic factor, respectively. In addition, we have also predicted the changes of normal regions of three medicine species in the future. Meanwhile, we have also analyzed the different production areas, different developmental phases, different parts of plants and commercial specification of cultivated Polygalae Radix. The main results are following:1. Analyzed the components and the patterns of geographic distributions of 45 wild natural populations of P. tenuifolia, P. sibirica and P. japonica form 41 county(city) of 21 provinces. The results showed that:(1) There are high content of 3, 6′-Disinapoylsucrose(DSS)in root and mangiferin(MFN)in acrial part of P. tenuifolia. The water-soluble component,such as DSS、polygalaxanthone III(PXT)and onjisaponins(ONS), the high content production areas are located in N 34-36°, which were mainly distributed in partial areas of Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Gansu province. Meanwhile, the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, that are Gansu, Xining, Sichuan and Shaanxi adjacent areas, and these regions are the high content production areas of P. sibirica and P. japonica. The overground resources of P. tenuifolia of Shaanxi province Yao country are the best potential resources(containing mangiferin 3.07%).(2) Detected the 8 important aliphatic acid in the roots of P. tenuifolia, that are palmitic acid, methyl palmitelaidate acid, tearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid and eicosenoic acid. The roots and overground parts of three medicine plants are all contained oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. Meanwhile, the overground parts are contained more much arachidic acid and eicosenoic acid.(3) P. tenuifolia is enriched in K and Ca, furthermore, the amount of K and Ca in the root parts are less than that of overground parts(p﹤0.05). For the K and Fe, P. sibirica and P. japonica are significantly higher than that of P. tenuifolia(p﹤0.05). Meanwhile, for the Ca, there are no singinficant differences among three medicine species(p﹥0.05). In addition, the roots of P. tenuifolia in Shandong Fei county are enriched in Fe(1701.45 μg/g), and the overground parts are enriched in Mn(114.88 μg/g).(4) There are significantly related among the water-soluble component, liposoluble constituent and inorganic constituent of P. tenuifolia. There are significant positive correlations between Fe and DSS, Ca and ONS in root,negative correlation between MFN and methyl palmitelaidate(C16:0)in acrial part. The negative changes are obvious, when MFN content from 0.02%(root) to 3.07%(acrial part), methyl palmitelaidate(C16: 1) from 2.87%(root) to 0.00%(acrial part).(5) The content of DSS, linoleic acid, Fe or Zn of Polygalae Radix(roots), we found that the wild resources of P. tenuifolia are superior than that of cultivar ones(p﹤0.05). While, 9-octadecenoic acid(C18:1) or K content, we detected that the cultivar resources of P. tenuifolia are superior than that of wild ones(p﹤0.05). For the onjisaponins, in Shanxi, the cultivar resources of P. tenuifolia are superior than that of wild ones(p﹤0.05). By using the MFN as evaluation index of overground part resources of P. tenuifolia, we have also detected that the cultivar resources are superior than that of wild ones(p﹤0.05).(6) For the phenylpropanoids, there are no significant differences among P. tenuifolia, P. sibirica and P. japonica(p﹥0.05). Meanwhile, for the ratio between DSS of the roots and MFN of overground parts, there are no significant differences among three speceis(p﹥0.05). And for P. tenuifolia, that ration is 1: 1, for P. sibirica, is 3: 1, and for P. japonica, 9: 1.2. Analyzed the accumulation of spatiotemporal dynamics and distributions of 3 mutiple index components of cultivar resources of P. tenuifolia, the results showed that:(1): The content of DSS, PXT or ONS, we found that the Shanxi Yuncheng and PingYao are higher than others, and the best picking time of P. tenuifolia is in the October. By using the MFN, xanthones(XTE) and total phenols(PNL) as evaluation indexs, we found that the Hebei Anguo and Shaanxi Heyang areas are suitable for the utility of overground parts of P. tenuifolia, and the best picking time is in the June.(2) The roots of P. tenuifolia are enriched in oleic acid(the relative amount of fatty acids ﹥70%), the overground parts are enriched in methylbenzene(the relative amount of liposoluble constituent as 70.40%), and the seeds are enriched in eicosenoic acid(the relative amount of fatty acids as 52.67%). The relative content of oleic acid in root and acrial part is gradually increasing with the increasement of years, but tearic acid(C18: 0)is reverse.(3) For the K, the amount in roots is less than that of in overground parts of P. tenuifolia. Furthermore, this amount is gradually decreasing with the increasement of years. In addition, for the Cu, there is no changes for the transport amount between the roots and overground parts of P. tenuifolia. 7/8 element in Shaanxi Heyang is lower among 5 main areas.3. Analyzed the correlations between 3 mainly index components and 10 climate factors and 14 edaphic factor of P. tenuifolia, P. sibirica and P. japonica, the results indicated that:(1) for the climate factor, longitude and the average temperature in January are two key factors that influenced the distributions of P. tenuifolia. The average temperature in January and annual precipitation are two key factors that influenced the distributions of P. sibirica. In addition, annual average temperature is the key factor that influenced the distributions of P. japonica.(2) There are significant positive correlations between relative humidity, annual precipitation and DSS, ONS and K of roots of P. tenuifolia, respectively. In addition, there are significant positive correlations between annual sunshine duration and DSS and linolenic acid, respectively.(3) The rhizosphere soil of P. tenuifolia are mainly silty loam(the ratio of rhizosphere soil types as 88.46%), pH 6.86-8.98. There are significant positive correlations between pH and ONS of roots of P. tenuifolia. In addition, there are also significant positive correlations between nitrate nitrogen, water solubility Ca and MFN of overground parts, and there are also significant negative correlations between available iron and oleic acid in overground parts of P. tenuifolia. In addition, there are species-specific characters for the enrichment of mineral element among three medicine species.4. According to the 19 climate variables of distribution areas of P. tenuifolia, P. sibirica and P. japonica, we speculated the change tendency of geographic distributions of three different medicine plants in the future, the mainly results are following:(1) in the current distribution areas of P. tenuifolia, the moderate normal regions(Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Gansu and Neimengu) are accordance with the mainly production areas of Polygalae Radix. And the high normal regions(Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong) are completely same to the native production areas.(2) The high normal regions of P. sibirica are mainly focused on the south part of Gansu province; and the current distribution areas and the high normal regions of P. japonica in the future are mainly focused on the Shaanxi-Qinling mountains. At present, P. japonica is widely distributed in the south part of Shaanxi and the north part of Qinling mountains. |
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