| Pogostemon cablin(Blanco) Ben. is Labiatae, its complete grass is used as medicine, and used traditionally the dry upper part for the medicine. Pogostemon cablin is an famous one of "ten Nanyao" in China. But the yield and quality of P.cablin. was still on a low side for a long time, because the cultivation and fertilization techniques remained quite backward in production bases. It also restricted the progress of P. cablin medicinal industry deeply. Respectively by field and pot experiment methods, this study was to research the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer influenced growth, yield, physiological effect,oil content, medicinal composition of P. cablin, and investigate the change trends of patchouli growth, yield, physiological effect, oil content and pharmacology composition under fertilization, aiming to provide a scientific basis and a technique of patchouli cultivation in high-yield and high-quality.1. To explore the effects of N levels on the plant nitrogen nutrition, growth traits, yield, volatile oil content and medicinal compositions of patchouli. The results showed the patchouli growth traits parameters, nitrogen nutrition, plant fresh and dry weight, volatile oil content are improved with the increase of the nitrogen level, however, the shoot and leaf oil contents are decreased. In patchouli shoot volatile oil, 12 ingredients in N1 and N2 are significantly higher than those of the N4 and N5. The contents of β-patchoulene, α-Guaiene, nerolidol, β-guaiene, trans-caryophyllene, patchouli alcohol and pogostone are the highest in the N1 treatment, while the contents of seychellene, α-patchoulene, δ-guaiene, β-elemene and iso-caryophyllene are the highest in the N2 treatment. In the leaf oil, except for α-patchoulene, the contents of other bioactive compounds of N1 and N2 are significantly higher than those of N4 and N5. The contents of β-patchoulene, α-Guaiene, δ-guaiene, β-Cubebene, iso-caryophyllene, β-Guaiene, trans-caryophyllene, patchouli alcohol and pogostone are the highest in the N1 treatment, while the contents of seychellene, α-patchoulene and β-elemene are the highest in the N2 treatment. The 12 ingredients of the patchouli shoot and leaf volatile oil are no significant differences between N1 and N2 or N4 and N5. In general, the increase of the nitrogen level is conducive to increasing the volatile oil content, but reduce the oil content.2. To study the effects of N forms on the growth, yield, oil, physiology and medicinal composition. The results showed the treatment of NO3--N/NH4+-N for 75:25 can promote plant height, basal culm thickness, tiller number, leaf area index, above ground fresh weight, above ground dry weight, shoot oil rate, leaf oil rate, whole plant oil rate and plant oil amount. The treatment of NO3--N/NH4+-N for 75:25 is beneficial to improve the content of chlorophyll(a) and chlorophyll(a+b), and NO3--N/NH4+-N for 50:50 treatment is beneficial to improve the content of chlorophyll(b). NO3--N/NH4+-N for 25:75 and 50:50 are more conducive to improve the free radical scavenging rate of hydroxyl, superoxide anion, DPPH. NO3--N/NH4+-N for 50:50 is more conducive to increase activities of PAL enzyme. NO3--N/NH4+-N for 50:50 treatment contributes to increase the pogostone content of the shoot and leaves of Patchouli. NO3--N/NH4+-N for 25:75 is favorable for increasing the contents of patchouli alcohol and other main medicinal components. And the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen(NO3--N/NH4+-N for 100:0 and 0:100) have negative or inhibition in formation and accumulation of main medicinal composition of oil in shoot and leaves from patchouli. NO3--N/NH4+-N for 75:25 is better for an absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, however,NO3--N/NH4+-N for 25:75 and 0:100 have lower contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg.3. To study on the effects of P applications on the growth, yield, oil, physiology and medicinal composition. With the increase of phosphorus, plant height, basal culm thickness, tiller number, leaf area index, above ground fresh weight, above ground dry weight, shoot oil rate, leaf oil rate, whole plant oil rate and plant oil amount increased significantly, and P4, P3 treatment was significantly higher than those of P0, P1. In each growth stage, when the amount of phosphorus at 0~3 g/pot(P0~P3), the chlorophyll content significantly increased, when the amount of phosphorus over 3 g/ basin, with the increase of phosphorus fertilizer application(P3~P4), the chlorophyll content decreased slightly. When the amount of phosphorus from 0 to 2 g /pot(P0~P2), the free radical scavenging rate of hydroxyl, superoxide anion, DPPH significantly increased. When the amount of phosphorus over 2 g/ pot(P2~P4), with the increase of phosphorus fertilizer application, they significantly reduced. In phosphorus deficiency, PAL activity was the highest, from P0 to P1 treatment, PAL activity decreased significantly, when phosphorus fertilizer at 1~4g /pot(P1~P4), PAL enzyme activity gradually strengthened with the amount of phosphate fertilizer increased. The highest patchouli alcohol and pogostone contents of Patchouli shoot and leaves oil appeared in P2 treatment, followed by P3, P1 and P4, the lowest was at P0. The other 10 kinds of medicinal components of Patchouli shoot and leaves oil in P2 treatment was the highest, followed by P1, the lowest in P4 treatment, P2 was significantly higher than those of P3, P4. Along with the increasing of phosphorus application amount, N, P, K content of plant tissue has also gradually increased, and the P content increased greatly, and the other mineral elements absorption has certain influence.4. To research on the effects of K applications on the growth, yield, oil, physiology and medicinal composition. With the increase of the amount of potassium, plant height, basal culm thickness, tiller number, leaf area index, above ground fresh weight, above ground dry weight, shoot oil rate, leaf oil rate, whole plant oil rate and plant oil amount increased significantly, and K4, K3 treatment was significantly higher than those of K0, K1. When the amount of potassium at 2 g/ pot, the chlorophyll(a) and chlorophyll(a+b) content of patchouli were higher. When the amount of potassium was at 4 g/pot, the chlorophyll b content of patchouli was higher. When the amount potassium application was at 0~4 g/pot, with the increasing of potassium application(K0~K2), the free radical scavenging rate of hydroxyl, superoxide anion, DPPH increased gradually, when the amount of potassium fertilizer was over 4 g/pot, with the increasing of potassium application(K2~K4), the free radical scavenging rate of hydroxyl, superoxide anion, DPPH were significantly decreased. Studies have shown that lower or medium level K is conducive to improve chlorophyll and antioxidant activity, low or high potassium levels do not promote to increase chlorophyll and antioxidant activity. PAL enzyme activity of patchouli increased with the increment of K. In potassium of 0~4 g /pot, with the potassium fertilizer application increasing, the pogostone content of shoot and leaf oil from patchouli increased, when potassium application over 4 g/pot, with potassium fertilizer application increasing, the pogostone content of shoot and leaf oil from patchouli decreased gradually. When potassium at 0 to 2 g/pot, with the amount of potassium(K0~K1) increasing, the patchouli alcohol and other 10 kinds of medicinal composition contents of shoot and leaf oil from patchouli gradually increased, when the potassium application amount over 2 g/pots, with the amount of potassium(K1~K4) increasing, they decreased gradually. The results showed that the high potassium content is not conducive to the contents of main medicinal composition of patchouli oil increasing. Along with the increasing of potassium application, the N, P, K contents of plant tissue has also gradually increased, and K content increased greatly, and the K application has a certain influence in the other mineral elements absorption.5. To explore on the effects of the compound application of N, P, K fertilizers on the growth, yield, oil, physiology and medicinal composition. The plant height, basal culm thickness, tiller number, leaf area index, above ground fresh weight, above ground dry weight, shoot oil rate, leaf oil rate, whole plant oil rate and plant oil amount of the all fertilizer treatments were higher than those of the control(N0P0K0). Among the treatment, N3P2K2 and N2P2K3 treatments are higher. Research shows that the treatment of high N:P:K ratio was in favor of improving plant growth, yield and essential oil content of patchouli, N level significantly influenced the plant growth, yield and volatile oil content of patchouli, P and K levels had no significant influence on the plant growth, yield and volatile oil content of patchouli. The chlorophyll(a), chlorophyll(b), chlorophyll(a+b) contents of Patchouli in all fertilizer treatments were higher than those in the control treatment(N0P0K0), the highest chlorophyll content is in N3P2K2 treatment, followed by N2P2K3. The free radical scavenging rates of hydroxyl, superoxide anion, DPPH of P.cablin in N1P2K2 were the highest, followed by N1P1K2, the lowest was in N3P2K2 treatment. The study indicates that, the treatments with high N:P:K ratio, or only P and K were unfavorable for increasing plant antioxidant activity and PAL activity. the treatment with low N, and medium level P and K ratio would improve plant antioxidant activity and PAL activity, an Effect of N, P, K on antioxidant activity and PAL enzyme activity was N>P>K. The 12 kinds of medicinal composition contents of shoot and leaf oil from patchouli was highest under N1P2P2 treatment, and the N3P2K2 treatment was the lowest. The results show that the treatment with low N, low and middle P and K ratio is conducive to improve medicinal composition contents, and the fertilizer treatment of N:P:K ratio with high N may inhibit their formation and accumulation. N was the greatest impact on the main medicinal composition contents, followed by P and K. there were a some difference on the N, P, K content in all fertilizer treatments, the N, P, K contents of the control treatment(N0P0K0) were lower than those of all fertilizer treatment, the N, P, K contents of N3P2K2 and N2P2K3 treatments are higher. There are some differences on Ca and Mg contents in the treatments, but not significantly.6. To study the effects of the compound application of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield, oil, quality and soil nutrient contents of Patchouli. The results showed that different fertilization treatments have promoted the improvement of patchouli yield, oil, quality and soil nutrient contents, but a significantly difference was presented between different treatments. The yield and oil were the highest in75% organization fertilizer(OF)+25% chemistry fertilizer(CF)treatment, which respectively was 31.58% and 168.10% higher than CK, followed by 60% OF+30% CF and 50% OF+50% CF treatments. The growth index of patchouli such as height, stem diameter, number of tillers and leaf area index, and the qualities on the 12 kinds of main chemical components(β-Patchouliene, α-guaiene, exogenous squalene, α-patchoulene, δ-guaiene, nerolidol, β-eleme ne, caryophyllene, β-guaiene, trans-caryophyllene, pogostone, patchouli alcohol), water soluble and alcohol soluble extracts in 75% OF +25% CF treatment was the highest. Organic matter, alkali solution nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium contents in soil was higher in 100% OF, 75% OF +25% CF, 60% OF +40% CF,50% OF +50% CF treatments, and the highest in 100% OF treatment, the difference between the four treatments is not significant. Therefore, the treatment of 75% OF +25% CF could be suitable for Patchouli fertilization scheme.7. The correlation analysis results showed that N, P and K showed significant positive correlation with plant height, basal culm thickness, tiller number, leaf area index, above ground fresh weight, above ground dry weight, shoot oil rate, leaf oil rate, whole plant oil rate and plant oil amount,and extracts, also were significant positive correlation with chlorophyll and the activity of PAL. N, P and K were all significantly negatively correlated or negatively correlated with the main medicinal active components. The free radical scavenging rate of hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH were significantly positive correlation or positive correlation with the medicinal active components. |
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