| The advance in research of arthropod community has been extensively reviewed in the present thesis. The impacts of different treatments on arthropod community and the relationship between pest insects and their natural enemies are in detail investigated in the two graperies from Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River, respectively, by using the theory and method of ecology, statistics and taxonomy. These main results are as follows:1. The effects of the four different treatments on arthropod community are investigated in the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian areas. The results show that, in the Feidong’s grapery, there are35species of arthropods, including16species of phytophagous insects,2species of neutral insects and17species of predatory enemies in the neodymium fertilizer treatment area. In the lanthanum fertilizer treatment area, there are37species of arthropods, including17species of phytophagous insects,2species of neutral insects and18species of predatory enemies. In the vinegar fertilizer treatment one,35species of arthropods are found, which is composed of17species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect, and17species of predatory enemies. In the control area, there are35species of arthropods, including16species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect and18species of predatory enemies. Whilst in the Xiaoxian’s grapery,31species of arthropods could be seen in the neodymium fertilizer treatment area, including16species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect,13species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the lanthanum fertilizer treatment one, there are37species of arthropods, including17species of phytophagous insects,5species of neutral insects,14species of predatory enemies, and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the vinegar fertilizer treatment area, all34species of arthropods are detected, which is consisted of19species of phytophagous insects,3species of neutral insects,11species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the control one, there are29species of arthropods, including14species of phytophagous insects,3species of neutral insects,12species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. The further analysis demonstrates that the common main pest is Oides decempunctata in the four treatment areas in the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian. In addition, our findings reveal that, besides Oides decempunctata, the main pests have Brachytrupes portentosus, Atraelomorpha sinensis and Ampelophage rubiginosa Bremeret in Feidong area, while there are Erythroneura apicalis, Chlorops sp., cecidomyia sp., Iuiberis tenuis and Potosia brevitarsis in Xiaoxian area. Specially, the common main natural enemies in the four treatments of the two areas are Erigonidium graminicolum, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Clubiona japonicola, Theridion octomaculatum, Lei axyridis and Propylaea japonica. Moreover, the main natural enemies have also Xysticus ephippiatus in Feidong, and Chrysopa Sinica and Ephedrus persicae in Xiaoxian. The statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant difference in species numbers, individual numbers, species richness, phytophagous insects, and relative abundance of enemy among all treatments in the Feidong’s grapery. By contrast, in the Xiaoxian’s grapery, only the difference of species numbers could be found to exist between the lanthanum fertilizer treatment area and the control one, and the others have no significant difference.2. Analyses of arthropod community structures, in the four treated areas in the two graperies from Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River, demonstrate that a significant correlation in individual number exists between the three treatments and the control (spraying water) one, and the dynamics of individual number in the three ones shows a temporal association with that in the control one, but no correlation in species number is found in the four ones. However, significant differences in the species number exist between the lanthanum and neodymium treatments and the control one in Xiaoxian. There were no significant differences in species number and individual number between the rest treatments and the control one. Furthermore, a principal component analysis indicates that species numbers and individual numbers of phytophagous insects are the principal factors to establish the community, and species numbers and individual numbers of predators are the second main factors. The optimal partition about time structure of the community shows that the stages of spraying lanthanum and spraying neodymium is same in Feidong, but the rest treatments is different. While among the four treatments in Xiaoxian, the effects of the first stage and the second stage are also same, but the others are different.3. In order to understand the effects of the foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and neodymium on arthropod community diversity and stability in grapery, in the present work, systematic investigations are carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. The results of a paired t-testing shows that there are no statistically significant differences in the species and individual numbers of predatory natural enemies and herbivorous insects as well as total community diversity between the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian(all t values＜t0.05=2.07). The further statistical analysis demonstrates that the t values between CK1and lanthanum as well as neodymium treatments are, respectively,0.5592and1.0922in Feidong, whilst0.3533and0.8969in Xiaoxian, and the t values between CK2and lanthanum as well as neodymium treatments are, respectively,1.2407and1.9178in Feidong, while0.7067and0.4484in Xiaoxian, showing that all t values are lower than t0.05=2.07, which indicates that no statistically significant differences exist between total community stability in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These above results reveal that the foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on arthropod community diversity and stability in grapery. Furthermore, the species numbers of predatory natural enemies (Sn) and herbivorous insects (Sp) also is further surveyed. The statistical results indicate that the t values for the value of the Sn/Sp ratio between CK1and the rare earth lanthanum fertilizer as well as the rare earth neodymium fertilizer are, respectively,0.5111and0.1499in Feidong, and0.0976and0.0547in Xiaoxian; and respectively0.1146and0.2466in Feidong, and0.0975and0.1749in Xiaoxian between CK2and the two fertilizer treatments; as well as0.3476in Feidong, and0.2337in Xiaoxian between CK1and CK2. The above findings demonstrate that all t values are lower than t0.05=2.07, indicating that no statistically significant differences in the value of the Sn/Sp ratio exist within the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results seem to imply that foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on the food web complexity of arthropod community in grapery. Finally, the individual numbers of predatory natural enemies (Sa) and herbivorous insects (Sb) also is further analyzed. The statistical analyses show that the t values for the value of the Sa/Sb ratio between CK1and the rare earth lanthanum fertilizer as well as the rare earth neodymium fertilizer are, respectively,0.9427and0.9727in Feidong and0.8820and0.0345in Xiaoxian; and respectively0.5023and0.5342in Feidong and0.0741and1.0572in Xiaoxian between CK2and the two fertilizer treatments; as well as0.4957in Feidong and0.8571in Xiaoxian between CK1and CK2. All t values are also lower than t0.05=2.07, suggesting that no statistically significant differences in the value of the Sa/Sb ratio exist within the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results indicate that foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on the average ratio of beneficial insects and pest insects within food webs of arthropod community in grapery.4. To elucidate the influences of spraying rare earth foliar fertilizer on arthropod community, neutral insect sub-community and prey functional groups in grapery, in this work, systematic investigations are carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. Statistically analytical results show that lanthanum, neodymium and vinegar(CK2) treatments have not significant impacts on species numbers, individual numbers and species richness index of arthropod community, herbivorous insect sub-community and predatory natural enemy sub-community in the grapery of Feidong (all t values＜t0.05=2.07). However, in the grapery of Xiaoxian, the lanthanum and neodymium treatments has very significant influences on species numbers of arthropod community (t values are3.2571and2.6969, respectively), and Lanthanum treatment has also significant effect on species richness (t value=2.3956), while lanthanum, neodymium and CK2treatments have not significant influences on the other indexes. The further statistical analysis demonstrates that the t values of species numbers of neutral insect sub-community between the three fertilizer treatments (lanthanum, neodymium and CK2) and CK1are, respectively,3.1559,4.0102and0.5959; and the t values of individual numbers are, respectively,2.0390,1.7349and0.4564; as well as the t values of species richness index are, respectively,4.0491,4.0601and1.0310in the Feidong’s grapery. Whilst in Xiaoxian’s grapery, the t-testing values of species numbers between the three fertilizer treatments and CK1are, respectively,4.6399,4.9084and0; and the t values of individual numbers are, respectively,1.0340,1.0196and0.8705; as well as the t values of species richness index are, respectively,3.0646,4.0325and0.0784. These above results indicate that, in both Feidong and Xiaoxian, the t values of both species numbers and species richness index between the two fertilizer treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK1are greater than t0.01=2.82, displaying that the lanthanum and neodymium fertilizer has highly significant influences on species numbers and species richness index of neutral insects sub-community in graperies, but they have not significant impacts on individual numbers, and that CK2has also not significant effects on species numbers, individual numbers and species richness index of neutral insect sub-community. In addition, our findings also show that the t values of species numbers of prey function groups between the three treatments (Lanthanum, Neodymium and CK2) and CKi are, respectively,3.4384,2.3911, and2.0528in Feidong’s grapery, and2.2909,2.3223and0.3674in Xiaoxian’s grapery. The t values of species numbers of prey function groups between the two treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are, respectively,1.6397and0.6357in Feidong’s grapery, and2.7533and2.7744in Xiaoxian’s grapery, which indicating that both Lanthanum and Neodymium fertilizer had significant influences on species numbers of prey functional groups in the above two areas. Whilst the t values of individual numbers of prey function groups between the three treatments (Lanthanum, Neodymium and CK2) and CK1are, respectively,1.3047,1.0338and0.2300in Feidong’s grapery, and1.0431,1.0245and0.7369in Xiaoxian’s grapery; and the t values of individual numbers of prey function groups between the two treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are, respectively,1.6014and1.1835in Feidong’s grapery, and0.9495and0.9490in Xiaoxian’s grapery, which show that all t values are less than t0.05=2.07, revealing that these rare earth foliar fertilizers have not significant influences on individual numbers of prey function groups in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The further analysis demonstrates that these rare earth foliar fertilizers have little effects on species richness index of prey function groups in Feidong’s grapery. However, the t values of species richness index of between the two rare earth foliar fertilizers (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are respectively2.1709and2.0226, showing that the two rare earth foliar fertilizers have significant impacts on species richness index of prey function groups in Xiaoxian’s grapery. These above results reveal that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have very significant influences on species numbers of neutral insect sub-community and prey functional groups in grapery.5. To conserve and utilize natural enemies for integrating pest management of Oides decempunctata in grapery, systematic investigations of Oides decempunctata and its natural enemies are respectively carried out in the two graperies of four different treatments in Xiaoxian and Feidong areas. The quantity, temporal and spatial framework of Oides decempunctata and its natural enemies are studied by using grey systematic analysis and ecological niche analysis. The synthetic ranking results indicate that, in Xiaoxian’s grapery, the main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata are Propylaea japonica, Erigonidium graminicolum and Lycosa pseudoannulata in the spraying water treatment areas, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Propylaea japonica and Lei axyridis in the spraying vinegar treatment one, and Erigonidium graminicolum, Lei axyridis and Propylaea japonica in the spraying Neodymium treatment one, as well as Propylaea japonica, Lei axyridis and Erigonidium graminicolum in the spraying Lanthanum treatment one. Whilst in Feidong’s grapery, the main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata are Erigonidium graminicolum, Theridion octomaculatum and Lycosa Pseudoannulata in the spraying water treatment areas, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Erigonidium graminicolum and Propylaea japonica in the spraying vinegar treatment one, and Erigonidium graminicolum, Lycosa pseudoannulata and Theridion octomaculatum in the spraying Neodymium treatment one, as well as Theridion octomaculatum, Erigonidium graminicolum and Lycosa pseudoannulata in the spraying Lanthanum treatment one. Moreover, our results indicate that the species number and the order of precedence of main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata show very obvious differences within different treatment areas between Xiaoxian and Feidong.6. In order to understand the effects of spraying vinegar fertilizer on pest insects and population quantities of natural enemy, and to further provide also a scientific basis for integrating pest management (IPM) in grapery, in this work, systematic investigations are respectively carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. The results show that there is highly significant difference in population quantities of Erythroneura apicalis between the two control areas of spraying water (CK) from Feidong and Xiaoxian(t=2.9891). Whilst significant differences in population quantities of Atraelomorpha sinensis Bol.(t=2.2789) and Erythroneura apicalis(t=2.5170) as well as Misumenops tricuspidatus Fabr.(t=2.1712) exist also between the two spraying Vinegar area. The further analysis shows that there is no significant difference in population number of pest insect and natural enemy between the control area and the spraying vinegar one in the feidong’ grapery. The result from Xiaoxian is similar with the one from Feidong. In addition, there is also no significant difference in species and individual numbers between the spraying vinegar area and the control one in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These above results seem to reveal that spraying vinegar fertilizer has little effect on pest insects and population quantities of their natural enemy in grapery.7. To reveal the effects of spraying rare earth foliar fertilizer on pest insects and their natural enemies in grapery, the field experiments and systematic investigations are done in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results indicate that (1) the major pest insects are Oides decempunctata, Erythroneura apicalis, Chlorops sp. and Brachytrupes portentosus in the two graperies in both Feidong and Xiaoxian.(2) the mainly natural enemies are Lycosa pseudoannulata, Erigonidium graminicolum, Theridion octomaculatum, Clubiona japonicola, Propylaea japonica and Ephedrus persicae in the two types of grapery.(3) the F value of Oides decempunctata within spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments is, respectively,0.3656in Feidong, and0.9404in Xiaoxian, the F value of Erythroneura apicalis among the four treatments is0.4596in Xiaoxian, and the F value of Chlorops sp. is, respectively,1.3820in Feidong, and0.0167in Xiaoxian, as well as the F value of Brachytrupes portentosus is, respectively,0.219in Feidong, and0.9704in Xiaoxian, showing that all F values are lower than F0.05(3,44)(2.80), which indicates that no statistically significant differences in the number of the four primary pest insects exist between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These results imply that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have no significant effects on pest insects and their natural enemies in grapery.(4) the F value of Lycosa pseudoannulata within the above four treatments is, respectively,0.1332in Feidong, and0.1649in Xiaoxian, the F value of Erigonidium graminicolum is, respectively,0.0239in Feidong, and0.5654in Xiaoxian, the F value of Theridion octomaculatum is, respectively,0.5654in Feidong, and0.1246in Xiaoxian, the F value of Clubiona japonicola is, respectively,0.6518in Feidong, and0.3682in Xiaoxian, and the F value of Propylaea japonica is, respectively,0.0235in Feidong, and0.3559in Xiaoxian, as well as the F value of Ephedrus persicae is0.0258in Xiaoxian, which demonstrate that all F values are lower than F0.05(3,44)(2.80), indicating that there is no statistically significant differences in the number of the four primary pest insects between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These results suggest that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have no significant effects on natural enemies in grapery.(5) the t values of Lycosa pseudoannulata in spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments between the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian, respectively, are0.97,1.36,0.65and0.47. Similarly, the t values of Erigonidium graminicolum are, respectively,0.12,0.90,1.42and0.783, the t values of Theridion octomaculatum are, respectively,2.03,1.76,0.47and0.25, the t values of Clubiona japonicola are, respectively,0.71,0.87,0.47and0.49, and the t values of Propylaea japonica are, respectively,1.26,1.60,1.47and1.37, as well as the t values of Ephedrus persicae are, respectively,1.00,1.21,1.05and1.20. The above results show that all t values are significantly lower than t0.05=2.07, implying that no significant differences in the number of the five preponderant natural enemies exist between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. Whilst the t values of Chlorops sp. in spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments between the two different graperies, respectively, are1.76,1.18,1.39and1.49, and the t values of Brachytrupes portentosus, respectively, are1.43,1.43,0.86and1.62, indicating that the t values of both Chlorops sp. and Brachytrupes portentosus are less than t0.05=2.07, which suggests that there are no significant differences between them. However, the t value of Oides decempunctata in sparing vinegar treatment between the two different areas is4.58(t0.01=2.82), implying that significant differences exist between the two different areas, but the t values of the others are less than the value of t0.05. Moreover, the t value of Erythroneura apicalis in sparing rubidium treatment area is2.52, and in sparing vinegar one is2.51. The two values of t are more than t0.05=2.07, indicating that significant differences exist between them. Whereas the t value of Erythroneura apicalis in sparing water treatment area is2.89, it is also more than t0.01=2.82, indicating that highly significant exist also between them. The population quantities of Erythroneura apicalis and Oides decempunctata in Xiaoxian’s grapery are significant higher than those in Feidong’s grapery. The differences may result from the different environment factors. |
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