Monitoring And Research Of The Crucial Parameters In The Ice Growth And Melting Processes

The river ice growth and melting processes exists in the southwest, northwest, and north of the hoagie river of China, and other countries and regions in the high altitudes. The river ice is one of the most important component of the global climate system, and one of the most important indicators in phenology because of its sensitivity to climate change. Variations of the key physical parameters during river ice growth and melting processes is one of the most intuitive scientific basis, which we study climate change, formation mechanism of ice jam and dam, ice regime prediction, and ice disaster. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the key physical parameters in river ice growth and melting processes and obtain enough first-hand ice data, because it is very helpful for developing numerical algorithm. In this paper, some monitoring system about key physical parameters are introduced. Furthermore, lots of representative ice regime data from Yellow River, Amur River and Wanjiazhai reservoir are obtained and analyzed using the monitoring system from 2011 to 2014. This study are summarized as follows:(1) The basic physical properties and types of ice and snow, and various ice phenomena in the ice growth and melting processes are described. Based on the present ice conductivity theory, the ice conductivity is studied further from 12°C to-55°C. The results showed that the theory is feasible in extremely low temperature environment under specific test conditions. On the basis of the theory, an improved R-T ice regime sensor was applied to Yellow River, Amur River and Wanjiazhai reservoir. Abundant field measured ice data are obtained and some are analyzed and compared. It is proved that the apparatuses are reliable. In addition, the breakup prediction is discussed according to the equivalent resistance differences of ice in different ice periods.(2) A high resolution Rod-type temperature chain monitoring system is designed and developed to obtain more abundant and effective vertical temperature profile data. The Rod-type temperature chains were applied to the Yellow River and Amur River. A large number of field measured temperature data are acquired and analyzed. In addition, the ice thickness algorithm is put forward with snow and snowless on the ice based on the temperature profile data. Considering the higher heat conduction coefficient and uneasy installation of the rod-type temperature chain, A novel flexible temperature chain is developed with advantages of high-resolution, small heat-conduction conductivity coefficient, light weight, small size, and good bending. Furthermore, it is easy to carry and install. The flexible temperature chain will be installed in the South Pole for monitoring sea ice vertical temperature profile from 2015 to 2016.(3) A new detection method is proposed to distinguish snow-air interface and obtain snow depth, which is based on intensity attenuation differences infrared light through snow and air. A photoelectric snow depth sensor have been developed based on an infrared sending and receiving circuit as a unit detection circuit. This sensor was installed in Mohe reach of Amur River for monitoring snow depth on the ice cover. The records between apparatus and manual measurement are obtained and compared from January to March in 2014. The apparatus records are demonstrated to be reliable.(4) A new bellow pressure fiber optic sensor for measuring static ice pressure is developed base on the principle of the reflective intensity modulation. To avoid the measurement errors of traditional electric resistance bellow pressure sensors, which are caused by the partial pressure on the surrounding wall, a pressure bellow with a stainless steel disc with a joint lever is designed. The optical intensity distribution of the improved Y–I-type fiber bundle is set to operate at the most sensitive working area and initial distance of the sensor. The sensor is calibrated using a universal test machine. Furthermore, temperature compensation test is conducted from 25°C to-35°C and the temperature compensation function is derived. Finally, the static ice pressure vs temperature relation is obtained by conducting ice growth and melting experiments.