Research On Geographical Evolution Of Population Genetic, Acoustic Signal And Morphological Characteristics In Myotis Pilosus

Evolutionary divergence is avery popular scientific issue. This phenomenon exist in invertebrates, birds, mammlas and other fauna. For important ecosystem indicator organisms-bats, despite studies have shown that there are sigmificant geographic variation in population geneic, acoustic sigmal and morphological characteristics. So far, the cause and significance is still poorly understood. Therefore, it is advantageous to reveal the formation of bats species that geographical evolution study in bats. Under a large geographic scale, this paper would reveal the population diversity, colonial history and genetic structure of Myotis pilosus, determine that differences levels of the acoustic signal and morphology between different geographical populations, explain that maintain mechanisms of divergence from genetic factors, weather conditions and terrain features, and reveal the fully species diversity combining with genetic diversity, morphological characteristics and acoustic signal characteristcs. Finally, management unit is determined basing on the above feature differences. The main contents are as follows:1. Phylogenetic analyses showed that M. pilosus comprised three main lineages: A, B and C, which corresponded to distinct geographic populations of the Yangtze Plain (YTP), Sichuan Basin (SCB) and North and South of China (NSC), respectively. The most recent common ancestor of M. pilosus was dated as0.25million years before present (BP). Population expansion events were inferred for populations of Clade C, North China Plain region, Clade B and YunGui Plateau region at38700,15900,4520and4520years BP, respectively. Our results suggested that Pleistocene climatic oscillations might have had a profound influence on the demographic history of M. pilosus. Spatial genetic structures of maternal lineages that are different from those observed in other sympatric bats species may be as a result of interactions among special population history and local environmental factors. Conflicting results were obtained from mtDNA and microsatellite analyses; strong population genetic structure was obtained from mtDNA data but not microsatellite data. The microsatellite data indicated that genetic subdivision fits an isolation-by-distance (IBD) model, but the mtDNA data failed to support this model. Apparently contradictory genetic structure patterns of mtDNA and microsatellite could be explained by male-mediated gene flow among populations.2. One hundred and fourty-eight bats were collected from14caves and were recorded the echolocation calls.20-50fully echolocation calls are selected for each bat, and5180calls are analyzed in total, sexual dimorphism of calls within populations not be found. Univariate analysis of variance confirm that all five pulse parameters are significantly different among different geographic populations, and Bonferroni multiple comparison also reveal significant differences between paired populations. According to the first and second principal component scores,14populations are divided into two distinct groups using clustering analysis:group I in the south (JX1, YN2, HuN, SCI, SC2, JX2, JX3and AH) and group Ⅱ in the north (SD1, SD2, YN1, BJ and HeN). Mantel test confirm that acoustic distance is not associated with and microsatellite genetic distance, mtDNA genetic distance, geographic distance and climate distance. Partial correlation analysis showes that the peak frequency is not related to the humidity, forearm length and weight, but related with rainfall. The regression equation is y=0.068x+38.71(R2=0.42, P=0.04). This result suggests that the acoustic signal differences may be the result of combining effects of ecological factors and climatic conditions.3. One hundred and fourty-eight bats was collected from14caves for body data. We find that sexual dimorphism does not exist within population for body. Univariate analysis of variance show that15body parameters are significant differences among geographic populations, and Bonferroni multiple comparison also reveal significant differences between paired populations. According to the first and second principal component scores,14populations are divided into two distinct groups using clustering analysis:group I (SCI, SC2, AH and HuN) and group Ⅱ(SD1, SD2, YN1, BJ, HeN, JX1, YN2, JX2and JX3). Mantel test show that body distance is not associated with and microsatellite genetic distance, mtDNA genetic distance, geographic distance and climate distance.Forearm length is not related to altitude and latitude. This result suggests that the body differences may not be affect by genetic fators, ecological fators.4. Seventy-four bats was collected from11caves for skull data. We find that sexual dimorphism does not exist within population for body. Univariate analysis of variance show that6/16skull parameters are significant differences among geographic populations, and Bonferroni multiple comparison also reveal significant differences between paired populations. According to the first and second principal component scores,11populations are divided into3distinct groups using clustering analysis:group Ⅰ (SC1, SC2and ZJ), group Ⅱ (SD1, SD2, YN1, BJ, JX2, AH and HuN) and group Ⅲ (YN2). Mantel test confirm that skull distance is not associated with and microsatellite genetic distance, mtDNA genetic distance, geographic distance and climate distance. This result suggests that the skull differences may not be affect by genetic fators and ecological fators.5. Nested analysis of variance show that the differences among populations mustly result from individual whthin population, and variation percentage of inter-region (5geographic units and3genetic clades) and inter-population is small. Meanwhile, obvious overlaps exist among populations. Morphological homogeneity may be the result of a strong gene flow of male.The studies confirm that the geographic pattern of evolution is inconsistencies in genetic differences, acoustic differences and morphological variation, and driving forces of evolution was various. Thus, the evolutionary history of the species is its complexity. It is necessary to reveal the evolution history of bat combining multiple traits evolution.