Study On The Formation And Evolution Of Tourism Industrial Clusters In The Perspective Of Symbiosis Theory

along with the economic globalization process since the 90s of the 20th century, Operating scopes of globalization and industrial clusters of localization supplement each other, and competitiveness between countries or regions principally lies in the capacity to attract various mobile fortunes and to create new values by exploiting those mobile fortunes. Clusters are major participants in the competition interacted by globalization and regionalization. Meanwhile, as a manifestation of industrial optimal allocation, tourism industrial agglomeration has become an international tourism economic phenomenon. Observing the spatial framework of international tourism economic activities, one can't fail to notice that most tourism industries with international competitiveness tend to cluster in specific regions. The most remarkable and dynamic regions in the global economic pattern are precisely the region where industries agglomerate in.Presently, the international studies concerning tourism industrial clusters are mainly conducted around the following three aspects:the physical features of industrial clusters, industrial nature, and cluster functions. However, they substantially induce and deduce specific cases of tourism industrial clusters, and simultaneously testify various hypotheses through corresponding empirical researches. The related studies in China arose comparatively later, with their research stresses principally focusing on such contents as introducing international views, the connotation of tourism clusters as well as formative causations and their influences, etc. Although issues as connotation of tourism industrial clusters, motivation and evolution process are involved to certain degree, they all are fairly dispersed. And the existing researches rarely touch upon such issues as internal mechanism of tourism industrial clusters and uncertainty studies in its evolution process.Based on the above-mentioned analyses, this dissertation differentiates from most existing researches on tourism industrial clusters that restrict their views only on labor division and collaboration, scale turnover as well as external economy and scope economy. And this research studies tourism industrial clusters in the perspective of symbiosis theory. In this study, no matter whether agglomeration phenomenon of tourism industries has evolved into the stage of cluster or not, symbiosis of certain degree is supposed to exist in related enterprises or institutions agglomerated in certain locations, as long as tourism agglomeration phenomenon exists. Put it more specific:Firstly, tourism industrial clusters symbiosis is a species of economic organization phenomenon, which processes definite self-organization. The process of symbiosis of tourism industrial clusters embodies a type of self-organizing process. There are certain necessary connections among various tourism-related enterprises (industries), which combine them to form a symbiont with various patterns corresponding to their internal and external conditions, and then working together to produce symbiosis energy. They do some self-adjusts, through inputting and outputting energy between systems and environments, or among components within the systems and finally achieve self-organization with ordered structures.Secondly, tourism industrial clusters are resource network bodies based on the symbiosis units of basic resource elements and linked by resource, among which exist complexities. Specifically, shared resource is the foundation of forming industrial clusters. The differences of combination patterns and function relations among resource within or beyond the clusters turn out to be the basis of the clusters' competitive advantages. Whereas its essence lies in the structural coordination of entire network systems of tourism industrial clustersThirdly, symbiosis units of tourism industrial clusters have symbiosis in specific regions, and their ultimate goal is to pursuit the increase of symbiosis rents. Otherwise, the symbiosis relation is extremely unstable and it can't last long. Therefore, symbiosis rents become the logic starting point of researches on tourism industrial clusters. And it is also the fundamental motivation of its evolution. Meanwhile, in the course of their evolution, symbiosis units also showed various behaviors and organizational modes. Fourthly, through transplanting and constructing the cooperative game models for both embryonic and mature stage of symbiont of tourism industrial clusters, this research analyses the stability of symbiont of tourism industrial clusters. The research reveals that in the evolution process of symbiont of tourism industrial clusters, besides stability factors, the process is also subject to influences from other factors, namely, unstable performance. Moreover, some mitigating mechanisms have been put forward for the unstable performances in embryonic, mature and decline stages.Fifthly, on the basis of theories of formation and evolution of symbiosis of tourism industrial clusters discussed above, this dissertation further carries out a quantitative study in this respect. Models are constructed in resource agglomeration effects, labor division and collaboration effects as well as resource sharing effects to analyze the evolution level of symbiosis in tourism industrial clusters. Evaluation indexes of the three effects are defined and evaluation model of the importance of the symbiosis extent indexes of the tourism industrial clusters is established. Finally, the research puts forth that corresponding development patterns should be adopted to promote the healthy and sustainable development of symbiont of tourism industrial clusters.