Study On The Commodity Economy And Market System Of Qinghai In Ming And Qing Dynasties

This article has had an in-depth study of the regional commodity economy and market system of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties by selecting Qinghai ,a region on the western part of China as the object of study. The article absorbs the theory and methods of geography, ecology, economics, ethnology and sociology in order to analyze the main issues involving Qinghai commodity economy and the market system by using typical research as its means of study.According to the article, the unique geographical environment of Qinghai has a profound impact on the developing mode of its development of commodity economy. Through the study of the relationship between Qinghai commodity economy and market, it analysis the reason of the backwardness of the development of commodity economy of Qinghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Through the analysis of the problem of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, commerce and municipal markets of Qinghai, the basic commodities form of the region's economic development of Qinghai in Ming and Qing Dynasties has been outlined. The author therefore holds the opinion that the development of commodity economy of Qinghai was at that time in a fragmented and chronology status. By the in-depth analysis of the various business groups in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Qinghai, it is proved that among the various factors that influence Qinghai in the development of commodity economy, the role of the temple merchants and Xiejia merchants can not be ignored, but the system still plays a decisive role.Part 1 is the "introduction" of the research which has been done about Qinghai in Ming and Qing Dynasties in recent years about the commodity economy and market history, and then set out the main elements of this paper, the research methodology and problems expected to resolve.Part 2 is in history: the historical process of development in Qinghai and its characteristics. " From the perspective of economic development in Qinghai, the economic development of different periods in history, its characteristics and its limitations are analyzed. Meanwhile the regional characteristics and the external influence in different periods in Ming and Qing dynasties are detailed. This chapter is the the foundation and precondition to further explore the Qinghai commodity economy and the market system in Ming and Qing DynastiesPart 3 "sectors of the economy's production structure and distribution pattern. " Production of goods is the premise and foundation of commodities circulation of the Ming and Qing Dynasties of Qinghai and the commodity production then has both the periodical and regional characteristics. The part mainly analyses the economy's production structure and distribution pattern of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, and other sectors of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Focus on the relationship between supply and demand it sums up the regional characteristics of the commodity production and elaborates the relationship between commodity production and exports.Part 4 "commercial campaign commitment: business and business groups" mainly expounds the entering of the main commercial capital , the rise of the local commercial capital and various business groups and the characteristics their activities. Taking classifications research methods to study the development process and the distribution area of the businessmen of Shanxi and Shaanxi, businessmen of Hui nationality, special businessmen Xiejia, and Temple businessmen ,in which the main idea is to reveal the distribution areas of the various types of businessmen , their development, and their abilities to do business and their influence on the development of commodity economy in Qinghai.Part 5 is of the "city, market and the market system. " It mainly discusses the overall layout of the city business areas of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties so as to explain the special functions and characteristics of the commercial city in the region of the times; The general market research are mainly in two areas in the study of the rural market system of Qinghai in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in which market is the most basic. Market of Qinghai in the early Ming Dynasty is showing a pattern of distribution point, the mid-Qing Dynasty basically form a regional network infrastructure market.Constrained by the conditions of the natural environment and productivity levels of development, the three areas such as the district of animal husbandry, agricultural and pastoral areas, and the agricultural areas are not synchronously developed, but it is the total commodity exchange majority of the agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai and the center station between the neighboring regions and the central base. Temples are set from time to time as markets in the Ming and Qing Dynasties between urban and rural areas, between agricultural and animal husbandry areas in Qinghai where commercial function plays a vital role in this region which also has a close relationship with the local environment and the socio-economic development. Through the analysis of the different -level commercial markets and their diversity of aspects in various regions , the author had a deeper level of inspection to reveal the different market structures created by the different natural environment so as to reveal the formation of the overall circulation pattern in Ming and Qing Dynasties and geographical features.Part 6, "the pulse of the commodity economy: the Path of the trade" in which there is the major analysis of the internal circulation routes, and the National contact through the trade path of Qinghai in Ming and Qing Dynasties In the development of the path of the trade in Ming and Qing Dynasties of Qinghai, it was affected not only by the natural factors but also by the time of human factors. The larger changes took place in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Having a direct impact on the distribution pattern of the regional business center, the road of trade is concluded as the base of the analysis of the commercial market and the flow pattern.Part 7 "conclusion" summed up that the commodity economy in Qinghai of Ming and Qing dynasties had some development, which is shown from the market development and the circulation of commodities. However, the development of agricultural areas, agricultural and pastoral areas and livestock areas are not synchronized. With an early start in the agricultural area, the commercial market in the mid of Ming Dynasty had point distribution. In the mid of Qing Dynasty the commercial market reached its peak development with more commercial markets appeared, more frequent circulation, and the economic development showed showing great vitality. But on the whole, the economic development of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Qinghai was still built on the natural economy. Self-sufficiency was still very firm. In this economy, the market development often shows imperfect in space and the imbalance development. Although there appeared the unified provincial scale market for a number of commodity circulation , yet the internal circulation of different districts appeared the dispersion pattern of distribution. The lack of smoothness of the circulation and the weak influence of market was a serious obstacle for the economy of Qinghai to develop to the modern times.